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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LEGALZOOM.COM, INC. INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011
As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 10, 2012
Registration No. 333-
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM S-1
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
Under
The Securities Act of 1933
LegalZoom.com, Inc.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware | 7370 | 95-4752856 | ||
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |
(Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number) |
(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number) |
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101 North Brand Boulevard, 11th Floor Glendale, California 91203 (323) 962-8600 (Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of Registrant's principal executive offices) |
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John Suh Chief Executive Officer LegalZoom.com, Inc. 101 North Brand Boulevard, 11th Floor Glendale, California 91203 (323) 962-8600 (Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service) |
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Please send copies of all communications to: |
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C. Thomas Hopkins, Esq. Louis P.A. Lehot, Esq. Sheppard, Mullin, Richter & Hampton LLP 1901 Avenue of the Stars, Suite 1600 Los Angeles, California 90067 (310) 228-3735 |
Fred Krupica Chief Financial Officer Chas Rampenthal, Esq. General Counsel and Secretary LegalZoom.com, Inc. 101 North Brand Boulevard, 11th Floor Glendale, California 91203 (323) 962-8600 |
Steven B. Stokdyk, Esq. Latham & Watkins LLP 355 South Grand Avenue Los Angeles, California 90071 (213) 485-1234 |
Approximate date of commencement of the proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after this Registration Statement becomes effective.
If any of the securities being registered on this form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box. o
If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," and "smaller reporting company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large accelerated filer o | Accelerated filer o | Non-accelerated filer ý (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) |
Smaller reporting company o |
CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE
|
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Title of Each Class of Securities to be Registered |
Proposed Maximum Aggregate Offering Price(1)(2) |
Amount of Registration Fee |
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Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share |
$120,000,000 | $13,752 | ||
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The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until the Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.
The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. Neither we nor the selling stockholders may sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and neither we nor the selling stockholders are soliciting offers to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.
PROSPECTUS (Subject to Completion)
Dated May 10, 2012
Shares
COMMON STOCK
LegalZoom.com, Inc. is offering shares of its common stock and the selling stockholders are offering shares of common stock. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares by the selling stockholders. This is our initial public offering and no public market currently exists for our shares. We anticipate that the initial public offering price of our common stock will be between $ and $ per share.
We intend to apply to list our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "LGZ."
We are an "emerging growth company" under the federal securities laws and will be subject to reduced public company reporting requirements. Investing in our common stock involves risks. See "Risk Factors" beginning on page 11.
PRICE $ A SHARE
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Price to Public |
Underwriting Discounts and Commissions |
Proceeds to LegalZoom |
Proceeds to Selling Stockholders |
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Per Share |
$ | $ | $ | $ | ||||
Total |
$ | $ | $ | $ |
We and the selling stockholders have granted the underwriters the right to purchase up to an additional shares of common stock to cover over-allotments.
The Securities and Exchange Commission and state regulators have not approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
The underwriters expect to deliver the shares of common stock to purchasers on , 2012.
MORGAN STANLEY | BofA MERRILL LYNCH |
STIFEL NICOLAUS WEISEL
RBC CAPITAL MARKETS | WILLIAM BLAIR | MONTGOMERY & CO. |
, 2012
The information in this prospectus is not complete and is subject to change. No person should rely on the information contained in this document for any purpose other than participating in our proposed initial public offering, and only the prospectus dated , 2012, is authorized by us to be used in connection with our proposed initial public offering. The prospectus will only be distributed by us and the underwriters named herein and no other person has been authorized by us to use this document to offer or sell any of our securities.
Until , 2012 (25 days after the commencement of our initial public offering), all dealers that buy, sell, or trade shares of our common stock, whether or not participating in our initial public offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This delivery requirement is in addition to the obligation of dealers to deliver a prospectus when acting as underwriters and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.
For investors outside the United States: Neither we, nor the selling stockholders, nor the underwriters have done anything that would permit our initial public offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required, other than in the United States. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of the shares of our common stock and the distribution of this prospectus outside of the United States.
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This summary highlights information contained in greater detail elsewhere in this prospectus. This summary is not complete and does not contain all of the information that you should consider in making your investment decision. You should read this entire prospectus carefully before making an investment in our common stock. You should consider, among other things, our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and sections titled "Risk Factors," "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" included elsewhere in this prospectus.
We believe that everyone deserves access to quality legal services so they can benefit from the full protection of the law. Our mission is to be the trusted destination where small businesses and consumers address their important legal needs and to be our customers' legal partner for life.
Overview
LegalZoom is the leading online provider of services that meet the legal needs of small businesses and consumers in the United States. We believe that we are transforming the small business and consumer legal services market by leveraging the power of technology and people. Our online legal platform enables us to deliver services at scale with a compelling combination of quality, customer care and value. Our services include a portfolio of interactive legal documents that are personalized by our customers through our dynamic online processes, as well as subscription legal plans and registered agent services.
We developed our easy-to-use, online legal platform to make the law more accessible to small businesses and consumers. Our scalable technology platform enables the efficient creation of personalized legal documents, automates our supply chain and fulfillment workflow management, and provides customer analytics to help us improve our services. For small businesses and consumers who want legal advice, we offer subscription legal plans that connect our customers with experienced attorneys who participate in our legal plan network.
We have served approximately two million customers over the last 10 years. In 2011, nine out of ten of our surveyed customers said they would recommend LegalZoom to their friends and family, our customers placed approximately 490,000 orders and more than 20 percent of new California limited liability companies were formed using our online legal platform. We believe the volume of transactions processed through our online legal platform creates a scale advantage that deepens our knowledge and enables us to improve the quality and depth of the services we provide to our customers.
The Small Business and Consumer Legal Services Market
The law provides numerous benefits and protections to businesses and consumers. For example, entrepreneurs incorporate their businesses to shield personal assets, limit liabilities and help raise capital, and consumers use estate planning tools to ensure their assets are distributed according to their wishes and to minimize tax liabilities. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2009, there were approximately 26 million businesses with fewer than ten employees. We estimate that in 2010, approximately two million new businesses were formed in the United States. According to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, legal services in the United States in 2010 represented a $266 billion market. We estimate that in 2011 approximately $97 billion of legal services were provided to small businesses and consumers, based on a study conducted on our behalf by L.E.K. Consulting LLC.
Despite the enormous amount spent on legal services, we believe that small businesses and consumers have not been adequately served by the options traditionally available to them. Every year, small businesses enter into legal contracts and become entangled in disputes, many of which require legal
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services to address. Consumers experience important life events that affect their families, including the birth of a child, marriage, divorce and death, all of which can also give rise to diverse needs for legal services. Small businesses and consumers often do not understand their legal needs or know where to start looking for an attorney. The high and unpredictable cost of traditional legal services also presents challenges. As a result, many small businesses and consumers often are unsure of or dissatisfied with the legal services available to them, and many either elect not to seek help or take no action to address their important legal needs.
Our Opportunity
We founded LegalZoom with a vision of combining the power of online technology with deep legal experience to create a scalable online legal platform that would fundamentally transform the way legal services are delivered to small businesses and consumers. We believe we are uniquely positioned to continue transforming the small business and consumer legal services market through the use of technology. Furthermore, there is a significant opportunity to expand the legal services market by making the benefits and protection of the law more accessible to small businesses and consumers. We are taking advantage of this opportunity by providing the following benefits to our customers:
Our Strengths
Our key strengths include:
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to efficiently serve thousands of small businesses and consumers every day. Our supply chain and fulfillment systems integrate external and internal technologies, enabling intelligent workflow management while increasing processing speed and efficiency.
Our Strategy
The key elements of our strategy include:
Our Services
Through our online legal platform, we offer a variety of services to meet the specific needs of small businesses and consumers.
Interactive Legal Documents
We offer a broad portfolio of interactive legal documents that our customers can tailor to their specific needs through our dynamic online processes and scalable technology. Our interactive legal documents are designed for use, as appropriate, at the federal level, as well as in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and approximately 2,900 U.S. counties. Our interactive legal document services for small businesses include limited liability company formations, incorporations and trademark applications. Our interactive legal document services for consumers include wills, living trusts and powers of attorney.
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Subscription Legal Plans
For small businesses and consumers who want legal advice, we offer legal plans that connect subscribers with experienced attorneys licensed in their jurisdiction to address their specific legal needs. In order to be considered for participation in our legal plan network, independent attorneys must satisfy certain quality standards established by us and be highly focused on customer care. Our small business and consumer subscription legal plans are currently available in 40 states and the District of Columbia. Our subscription legal plans include free attorney consultations on new legal matters, review of our interactive legal documents, and discounts on LegalZoom services and additional services provided by legal plan network attorneys.
Subscription Registered Agent Services and Other Services
We offer subscription registered agent services for business entities, who are required to appoint and maintain a registered agent in their state of formation to receive service of process and official government communications. We offer other services to our customers, including unlimited access to our forms library, electronic storage of applicable LegalZoom documents and document revisions. We also introduce our customers to relevant non-legal services and products through our relationships with leading credit card companies, commercial banks and other companies serving our customer base.
Risks Associated with Our Business
Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, as discussed more fully in the section entitled "Risk Factors" immediately following the prospectus summary and elsewhere in this prospectus. You should carefully consider these risks before making an investment in our common stock. Some of these risks include:
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Corporate Information
We were initially formed as a California corporation in July 1999, and we converted to a Delaware corporation in February 2007. Our principal executive offices are located at 101 North Brand Boulevard, 11th Floor, Glendale, California 91203, and our telephone number at this address is (323) 962-8600. Our website is www.legalzoom.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website shall not be deemed incorporated into and is not a part of this prospectus or the registration statement of which it forms a part. Unless the context otherwise requires, the terms "LegalZoom.com," "LegalZoom," "company," "we," "us" and "our" refer to LegalZoom.com, Inc. and its direct and indirect subsidiaries.
We are not a law firm, and we do not provide legal advice. We provide self-help legal documents at our customers' specific direction and general information on legal issues generally encountered. Independent, licensed attorneys participate in our attorney network to provide services to our customers through our legal plans.
LegalZoom, the LegalZoom.com logo and other LegalZoom-formative marks are trademarks of LegalZoom.com, Inc. in the United States or other countries. This prospectus also includes other trademarks of LegalZoom.com and trademarks of other persons.
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Common stock offered |
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By us |
shares | |
By the selling stockholders |
shares | |
Total |
shares | |
Total common stock to be outstanding after our initial public offering |
shares |
|
Over-allotment option of common stock offered by us and the selling stockholders |
shares |
|
Use of proceeds |
We currently intend to use the net proceeds to us from this offering primarily for general corporate purposes, including working capital and capital expenditures associated with scaling our operations, technology and infrastructure to support our growth. We will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of shares by the selling stockholders. See "Use of Proceeds" on page 28. |
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Risk factors |
See "Risk Factors" beginning on page 11 and the other information included in this prospectus for a discussion of factors you should carefully consider before deciding to invest in our common stock. |
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Proposed New York Stock Exchange symbol |
"LGZ" |
The total number of shares of common stock to be outstanding after this offering is based on 54,393,695 shares common stock outstanding, as of December 31, 2011, and excludes, as of December 31, 2011:
Unless otherwise stated, information in this prospectus (except for the historical financial statements) assumes:
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SUMMARY CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL AND OTHER DATA
The following tables summarize our consolidated financial data. You should read this summary consolidated financial data in conjunction with the sections titled "Selected Consolidated Financial Data" and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and our consolidated financial statements and related notes, all included elsewhere in this prospectus.
We derived the consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2010 and 2011, from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected in the future.
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Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
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2009 | 2010 | 2011 | |||||||
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(in thousands, except per share data) |
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Consolidated Statements of Operations Data: |
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Revenues(1) |
$ | 103,299 | $ | 120,771 | $ | 156,066 | ||||
Costs and operating expenses(2): |
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Cost of services |
53,082 | 60,643 | 80,437 | |||||||
Sales and marketing |
32,673 | 36,322 | 41,891 | |||||||
Technology and development |
4,686 | 7,509 | 8,117 | |||||||
General and administrative(1) |
13,154 | 20,024 | 19,343 | |||||||
Total costs and operating expenses |
103,595 | 124,498 | 149,788 | |||||||
Income (loss) from operations |
(296 | ) | (3,727 | ) | 6,278 | |||||
Interest and other expense, net |
(33 | ) | (15 | ) | (153 | ) | ||||
Income (loss) before income taxes |
(329 | ) | (3,742 | ) | 6,125 | |||||
Income tax (provision) benefit |
(311 | ) | (282 | ) | 5,998 | |||||
Net income (loss) |
$ | (640 | ) | $ | (4,024 | ) | $ | 12,123 | ||
Accretion of Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock |
(4,035 | ) | (4,038 | ) | (4,042 | ) | ||||
Net income attributable to participating securities |
| | (3,407 | ) | ||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders |
$ | (4,675 | ) | $ | (8,062 | ) | $ | 4,674 | ||
Net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders(3): |
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Basic |
$ | (0.17 | ) | $ | (0.28 | ) | $ | 0.15 | ||
Diluted |
$ | (0.17 | ) | $ | (0.28 | ) | $ | 0.13 | ||
Weighted-average shares used to compute net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders(3): |
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Basic |
28,051 | 29,040 | 31,388 | |||||||
Diluted |
28,051 | 29,040 | 36,293 | |||||||
Pro forma net income per share(4): |
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Basic: |
$ | 0.22 | ||||||||
Diluted: |
$ | 0.20 | ||||||||
Weighted average number of shares used in computing pro forma net income per share(4): |
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Basic |
54,272 | |||||||||
Diluted |
59,177 | |||||||||
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revenues. The ultimate costs of resolving these matters are dependent on a number of factors, including actual claims made by, participation rates of, and the resulting payments, if any, to the class members. Any difference between the amount accrued and the ultimate costs of these matters will be recognized as an additional or lower expense in the period in which the matters are resolved. If the actual costs of these matters are higher than the amount we estimated, this difference could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition. See Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for a full discussion of this legal settlement accrual.
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Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||
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2009 | 2010 | 2011 | ||||||||
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(in thousands) |
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Cost of services |
$ | 200 | $ | 178 | $ | 155 | |||||
Sales and marketing |
124 | 46 | 56 | ||||||||
Technology and development |
114 | 155 | 133 | ||||||||
General and administrative |
699 | 929 | 600 | ||||||||
Total stock-based compensation expense |
$ | 1,137 | $ | 1,308 | $ | 944 | |||||
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Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
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2009 | 2010 | 2011 | |||||||
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(in thousands, except percent data) |
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Key Metrics(1): |
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Number of orders placed(2) |
408 | 436 | 490 | |||||||
Number of subscribers(3) |
47 | 116 | 228 | |||||||
Subscription revenues as a percentage of total revenues |
5 | % | 9 | % | 18 | % |
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As of December 31, | ||||||||||||
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2010 | 2011 Actual |
2011 Pro Forma(1) |
2011 Pro Forma As Adjusted(1)(2) |
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(in thousands) |
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Consolidated Balance Sheet Data: |
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Cash and cash equivalents |
$ | 19,169 | $ | 27,108 | $ | 27,108 | |||||||
Working capital (deficit) |
(5,905 | ) | (2,316 | ) | (2,316 | ) | |||||||
Total assets |
35,629 | 53,501 | 53,501 | ||||||||||
Total liabilities |
46,488 | 50,620 | 50,620 | ||||||||||
Redeemable convertible preferred stock |
58,649 | 62,691 | | ||||||||||
Total stockholders' equity (deficit) |
(69,508 | ) | (59,810 | ) | 2,881 |
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Adjusted EBITDA
To provide investors and others with additional information regarding our financial results, we have disclosed in the table below and within this prospectus Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial measure. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) plus interest and other expense, net; income tax provision (benefit); certain non-cash charges, including depreciation, amortization and stock-based compensation; and loss from legal settlements. Our non-GAAP Adjusted EBITDA financial measure differs from GAAP in that it excludes certain items of income and expense. Adjusted EBITDA or the equivalent is frequently used by securities analysts, investors and others as a common financial measure of operating performance.
Adjusted EBITDA is one of the primary measures used by our management and board of directors to understand and evaluate our financial performance and operating trends, including period to period comparisons, to prepare and approve our annual budget and to develop short and long term operational plans. Additionally, Adjusted EBITDA is one of the key measures used by the compensation committee of our board of directors to establish the target for and ultimately pay our annual employee bonus pool for virtually all bonus eligible employees. We also frequently use Adjusted EBITDA in our discussions with investors, commercial bankers and other users of our financial statements.
Management believes Adjusted EBITDA reflects our ongoing business in a manner that allows for meaningful period to period comparisons and analysis of trends. In particular, in calculating Adjusted EBITDA, we exclude certain income and expense items that we believe are not directly attributable to the underlying performance of our business, or are the result of long-term investment decisions in previous periods rather than day-to-day operating decisions, and may be used in future decisions for expansion and acquisition opportunities.
Our use of Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are:
Because of these limitations, you should consider Adjusted EBITDA alongside other financial performance measures, including various cash flow metrics, net income (loss) and our other GAAP results. We encourage investors and others to review our financial information in its entirety and not rely on a single financial measure.
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The following table presents a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA for each of the periods indicated:
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Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
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2009 | 2010 | 2011 | |||||||
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(in thousands) |
|||||||||
Net income (loss) |
$ | (640 | ) | $ | (4,024 | ) | $ | 12,123 | ||
Interest and other expense, net |
33 | 15 | 153 | |||||||
Income tax provision (benefit) |
311 | 282 | (5,998 | ) | ||||||
Depreciation and amortization |
2,937 | 3,509 | 4,562 | |||||||
Stock-based compensation |
1,137 | 1,308 | 944 | |||||||
Loss from legal settlements |
| 5,359 | | |||||||
Adjusted EBITDA |
$ | 3,778 | $ | 6,449 | $ | 11,784 | ||||
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Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in this prospectus, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus, before deciding whether to invest in shares of our common stock. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of, or that we currently believe are not material, may also become important factors that adversely affect our business. If any of the following risks are realized, our business, results of operations, financial condition and future prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In that event, the price of our common stock could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment.
Risks Relating To Our Business
Our business and services subject us to complex and evolving U.S. and foreign laws and regulations regarding the unauthorized practice of law, or UPL, legal document processing and preparation, legal plans, privacy and other matters. These laws and regulations may result in claims, changes to or discontinuance of some of our services, potential liabilities or additional costs that could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and future prospects.
Our business involves providing services that meet the legal needs of our customers and, as a result, is subject to a variety of complex and evolving U.S. and foreign laws and regulations, including the following:
Additionally, we are required to comply with laws and regulations related to privacy and the storing, use, processing, disclosure and protection of personal information and other customer data.
Our business operations also subject us to laws and regulations relating to general business practices and the manner in which we offer our services to customers subjects us to various consumer laws and regulations, including false advertising and deceptive trade practices.
The scope of these laws and regulations are often vague and broad, and their applications and interpretations are often uncertain and conflicting. Compliance with these disparate laws and regulations requires us to structure our business and services differently in certain jurisdictions. We dedicate significant management time and expense to dealing with these issues and expect that these issues will continue to be a significant focus as we expand into other services and jurisdictions, including those outside the United States.
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In addition, any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with applicable laws and regulations may subject us to regulatory inquiries, claims, suits and prosecutions. We have incurred in the past, and expect to incur in the future, costs associated with responding to, defending and settling such proceedings, particularly those related to UPL, and the provision of our services more generally. We can give no assurance that we will prevail in such regulatory inquiries, claims, suits and prosecutions on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Responding to, defending and/or settling regulatory inquiries, claims, suits and prosecutions may be time-consuming and divert management and financial resources or have other adverse effects on our business. A negative outcome in any of these proceedings may result in changes to or discontinuance of some of our services, potential liabilities or additional costs that could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and future prospects.
If we fail to provide high quality services, customer care and customer experience and add new services that meet our customers' expectations, we may not be able to attract and retain customers.
The quality and value of our services, customer care and customer experience, as well as the quality of the services provided by the licensed attorneys who participate in our legal plan network, are critical to our ability to attract and retain customers. We have made substantial investments in developing our website, interactive legal documents, customer relationship management, automated supply chain and fulfillment, integrated digital workflow management and other dynamic online processes that comprise our online legal platform to improve the quality of our services, customer care and customer experience. We also intend to add new services such as our legal plans and enhance our existing services. We may fail to attract new customers or lose existing customers if these or future development efforts or services fail to meet changing customer preferences on a timely basis or if the licensed attorneys who participate in our legal plan network fail to provide high quality services, customer care and customer experience. If we are unable to attract new customers or lose existing customers, our business, revenues, results of operations, financial condition and future prospects would be adversely affected.
Our business model is evolving from a transaction model to a combined transaction and subscription model. If a sufficient number of our existing and new customers do not become subscribers, our business, revenues, results of operations and future prospects would be adversely affected.
Our revenues have historically been derived mostly from providing business formation, estate planning and other interactive legal documents to our customers for a one-time fee. In 2010, we began offering subscription legal plans for small businesses and consumers. Providing access to attorneys in a legal plan network to small businesses and consumers via the Internet is in large part commercially untested. We have invested, and intend to continue to invest, in expanding our subscription services for small businesses and consumers, including continuing to develop technology and infrastructure to support our legal plans and attorney network and expanding our sales and marketing efforts, particularly to promote legal plans and our brand. We expect our total operating expenses to increase in the foreseeable future as a result of continued investments in our subscription legal plan services. These investments will occur in advance of realizing any benefit from such investments, and therefore it may be difficult for us to determine if we are effectively allocating resources in these areas. In addition, we cannot predict whether sufficient numbers of our existing or new customers will subscribe to our legal plans or other subscription services. If we are unable to attract new subscribers to grow our legal plan services or our existing subscribers cancel their legal plan or other subscriptions, or if we are unable to attract attorneys to our legal network, our revenues, results of operations and future prospects would be adversely affected.
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Our business depends on a strong brand and reputation. If we fail to successfully promote and maintain our brand and reputation, or if we incur excessive expenses in doing so, our business, revenues and results of operations may be adversely affected.
We believe our brand has contributed to the success of our business and we have made substantial investments to build and strengthen our brand and reputation. Maintaining and enhancing the LegalZoom brand and our reputation is critical to growing and retaining our customer base. Regulatory proceedings, consumer claims, litigation, customer complaints or negative publicity through word-of-mouth, social media outlets, blogs, the Better Business Bureau and other sources related to our business practices, services, customer care, data privacy, security issues, or reputation of our endorsers irrespective of their validity, could diminish confidence in our services and adversely affect our brand and reputation and our ability to attract and retain customers. In addition, maintaining and enhancing our brand and reputation may require us to incur significant expenses and make substantial investments, which may not be successful. If we fail to successfully promote and maintain our brand and reputation, or if we incur excessive expenses in doing so, our business, revenues and our results of operations may be adversely affected.
If our marketing efforts are unsuccessful, our ability to attract new customers or retain existing customers to our services may be adversely affected, which may adversely affect our business, revenues, results of operations and future prospects.
Our ability to attract new customers and retain existing customers to our services depends in large part on the success of our marketing channels. Our primary marketing channels to generate traffic for our website include search engine marketing, television and radio.
We rely on both algorithmic and paid listing Internet search results to drive customer traffic to our website. Algorithmic listings are determined and displayed solely by a set of formulas designed by Internet search engine companies, such as Google and Bing. Paid listings can be purchased and then are displayed if particular words or terms are included in a customer's Internet search. We bid on words or terms we expect customers will use to search for our services in the search engine's auction system for preferred placement on its results page. Placement in paid listings is generally not determined solely on the bid price, but also takes into account the search engines' assessment of the quality of the website featured in the paid listing and other factors. Our ability to maintain or increase customer traffic to our website from Internet search engines is not entirely within our control. For example, Internet search engines sometimes revise their algorithms to optimize their search result listings or maintain their internal standards and strategies. Changes in search algorithms could cause our websites to receive less favorable placement and reduce traffic to our website. In addition, we bid for paid listings against our competitors and third parties that may outbid us for preferred placement, which could adversely impact advertising efficiency and customer acquisition efforts. If competition for paid listings increases, we may be required to increase our marketing expenses or reduce the number or prominence of these paid listings. If we reduce our Internet search engine advertising, the number of customers who visit our website could decline significantly.
In our radio advertising, we currently rely heavily on the use of advertisements featuring exclusive endorsements from prominent on-air radio personalities to drive prospects to our website. A loss of our relationships with, or decline in the reputation or effectiveness of, any endorser could reduce our prospective traffic or harm our brand.
A reduction or loss of any of our advertising channels may adversely affect our ability to attract new customers to our services, which could adversely affect our business, revenues, results of operations and future prospects.
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If we fail to safeguard our customers' information and privacy, our brand and reputation may be harmed, customers may curtail or stop using our services and we may face claims and potential liabilities, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and future prospects.
Our online legal platform involves the receipt, use, storage, processing and transmission of information from and about our customers, some of which may be personal or confidential. We rely on encryption and authentication technology licensed from third parties to secure the storage and transmission of customer information. Sophistication of intrusion techniques used to gain unauthorized access to or sabotage systems change frequently and are generally not recognized until launched against a target. We may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative measures. Third parties may also attempt to fraudulently induce our employees or customers to disclose information in order to gain access to customer information. A third party that is able to circumvent our security measures could misappropriate customer or proprietary information or cause interruptions in our business and operations. Computer malware, viruses, hacking and phishing attacks, and spamming could also harm our business and operations. If an actual or perceived breach of our security measures occurs as a result of third-party action, employee error, malfeasance or otherwise, our brand and reputation may be harmed, customers may curtail or stop using our services and we may face claims and potential liabilities, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and future prospects.
Our business is subject to seasonal fluctuations that may cause our results of operations to vary from period to period.
Many of the factors that contribute to seasonal fluctuations in our results of operations are out of our control. We have experienced, and expect that we will continue to experience, seasonality in the number of orders placed. Customers tend to place a higher number of orders in the first quarter of the year as we believe the demand for forming businesses is the highest at the beginning of the year. Further seasonality is reflected in the timing of our revenue recognition in the second quarter, when we typically recognize a high amount of revenues from orders placed in the first quarter but fulfilled in the second quarter. Also, we generally see demand for our services decline around the beginning of the third quarter with summer vacations and in the last two months of the fourth quarter around the winter holidays. We expect this seasonality to continue into the future, which may cause period to period fluctuations in certain of our operating results and financial metrics and thus limit our ability to predict our future results.
We expect to face increasing competition in the online and offline legal services markets from law firms, solo attorneys, online legal document services, national legal plans and other service providers and our failure to effectively compete with these providers may adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and future prospects.
We face intense competition from law firms and solo attorneys, online legal document services, national legal plans and other service providers. The online legal document services market is evolving rapidly and is becoming increasingly competitive. Other companies that focus on the online legal document services market, such as BizFilings, RocketLawyer, and The Company Corporation, and law firms that may elect to pursue the online legal document services market, can and do directly compete with us. Law firms and solo attorneys, who provide in-person consultations and are able to provide direct legal advice that we cannot offer due to laws and regulations regarding UPL, compete with us offline and have and may develop competing online legal services. We also compete with several national legal plans, including Hyatt Legal Plans (a MetLife company), ARAG and LegalShield. Many legal plan competitors have focused on employer-sponsored markets or have acquired customers through in-person multi-level marketing. At least one of these competitors, LegalShield, has recently rebranded itself from a multi-level marketing operation to a direct-to-consumer operation that more closely competes with our legal plans. Other legal plan companies may similarly decide to migrate into the direct-to-consumer market and offer plans that compete with ours. We compete in the registered agent services business with several companies, including
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CT Corporation and Corporation Services Company, and these competitors have extensive experience in this market.
Our competitors, whether they are online legal document providers, legal plan providers, law firms or solo attorneys, may also be developing innovative and cost-effective services that target our existing and potential customers. We expect to face increasing competition from offline and online legal services providers in our market, and our failure to effectively compete with these providers may adversely affect our business, results of operations and future prospects.
If we are unable to effectively manage and minimize errors, failures, interruptions or delays caused by third parties, or if our third-party service providers cease to do business with us, our ability to deliver services to our customers, business, brand and reputation and results of operations may be adversely affected.
We rely on third parties to fulfill portions of the services we offer and to support our operations. For example, we rely on government agencies, including secretary of state offices and the United States Patent and Trademark Office, to process business formation documents and intellectual property applications. If these agencies are unable to process submissions in a timely manner, our brand and reputation may be adversely affected or customers may seek other avenues for their business formation or intellectual property needs. We have other third parties who fulfill our services, including the independent attorneys in our legal plan network. If we cannot attract additional, qualified attorneys into our legal plan network to service the needs of our legal plan subscribers, we may not be able grow our legal plan subscription business effectively and our business, revenues, results of operations and future prospects may be adversely affected. Our data centers, which host many facets of our online legal platform, are also operated out of third-party facilities, and we rely on third-party technology licenses for many aspects of our operations. We exercise limited control over these third parties, which increases our vulnerability to problems with the products and services they provide for us. These third parties may also be subject to financial issues and other unanticipated problems or events. Delays in the services provided by the third parties we rely on could result in deferred revenue recognition. If we are unable to effectively manage and minimize errors, failures, interruptions or delays caused by third parties, or if our third-party service providers cease to do business with us, our ability to deliver services to our customers, business, brand and reputation and results of operations may be adversely effected.
If we fail to effectively manage our growth, our business, brand and reputation, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.
We have experienced, and continue to experience, rapid growth in headcount and operations, which has placed, and will continue to place significant demands on our management team and our operational and financial infrastructure. As we continue to grow, we must effectively integrate, develop and motivate a large number of new employees, and maintain the beneficial aspects of our corporate culture. To attract top talent, we have had to offer, and believe we will need to continue to offer, highly competitive compensation packages before we can validate the productivity of those employees. The risks of over-hiring or over compensating and the challenges of integrating a rapidly growing employee base into our corporate culture are exacerbated by our expected international expansion.
Additionally, if we do not effectively manage our growth, the quality of our services could suffer, which could adversely affect our business, brand and reputation, results of operations and financial condition. If operational, technology and infrastructure improvements are not implemented successfully, our ability to manage our growth will be impaired and we may have to make significant additional expenditures to address these issues. To effectively manage our growth, we will need to continue to improve our operational, financial and management controls and our reporting systems and procedures. This will require that we refine our information technology systems to maintain effective online services and enhance information and communication systems to ensure that our employees effectively communicate with each other and our growing base of customers. These system enhancements and
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improvements will require significant incremental and ongoing capital expenditures and allocation of valuable management and employee resources. If we fail to implement these improvements and maintenance programs effectively, our ability to manage our expected growth and comply with the rules and regulations that are applicable to publicly reporting companies will be impaired and we may incur additional expenses.
We expect to invest significant resources in pursuing opportunities in new products and markets and expect our expenses to increase as we broaden our customer base, hire additional employees and expand internationally. Historically, our costs have increased each year due to new opportunities and investments in technology, and we expect these costs to increase including as a result of additional investments in software licenses and data centers to support our anticipated future growth. Our expenses may be greater than we anticipate, and our investments to make our business and our online legal platform more efficient may not be successful. In addition, we may increase marketing, sales, and other operating expenses to grow and expand our operations and to remain competitive. Increases in our costs may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
We may be unsuccessful in expanding our operations internationally, which may adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and future prospects.
We are considering expanding our operations internationally in the near term, which may not be successful. Expanding internationally may subject us to new risks or increase risks that we currently face, including risks associated with:
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As a result of these obstacles, we may find it difficult or prohibitively expensive to expand internationally, and we may be unsuccessful in our attempt to do so, which may adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and future prospects.
Adverse application of existing tax laws, rules or regulations or implementation of new unfavorable laws, rules or regulations, could adversely affect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
The application of domestic and international sales, use, occupancy, value-added, payroll and other tax laws, rules and regulations to our services is subject to interpretation by the applicable authorities. We currently pay sales or other transaction taxes for certain services in jurisdictions where we do business. A successful assertion by any state, local jurisdiction or country that we should be paying sales or other transaction taxes on services with respect to which we have not been paying such taxes, or the imposition of new laws requiring the payment of sales or other transaction taxes on services in which we do not currently pay such taxes, or increase in the tax rates, or some combination of the foregoing, could result in substantial increase in our sales and other transaction taxes, create increased administrative burdens or costs, discourage customers from purchasing services from us, decrease our ability to compete or otherwise adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
The current administration in the United States has publicly stated that international tax reform is a priority, and key members of the United States Congress have conducted hearings and proposed new legislation in that area. Recent changes to U.S. tax laws, including limitations on the ability of taxpayers to claim and use foreign tax credits and the deferral of certain tax deductions until earnings outside of the United States are repatriated to the United States, as well as changes to applicable tax laws that may be enacted in the future, could impact the tax treatment of our foreign earnings. Given our plans to expand internationally in the near term, any changes in the U.S. taxation of such activities may increase our worldwide effective tax rate which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We depend on top talent, including our senior management team, to grow and operate our business, and if we are unable to hire, retain and motivate our employees, we may not be able to grow effectively which may adversely affect our business and future prospects.
Our future success will depend upon our continued ability to identify, hire, develop, motivate and retain top talent. Competition for such talent is intense. If we are not able to effectively attract and retain quality employees, our ability to achieve our strategic objectives will be adversely impacted, our brand or reputation could suffer and our business will be adversely affected. Our ability to execute efficiently depends upon contributions from all of our employees, in particular our chief executive officer, John Suh, and the rest of our senior management team. Key institutional knowledge remains with a small group of long-term employees and directors whom we may not be able to retain. In addition, from time to time, there may be changes in our senior management team that may be disruptive to our business. If our senior management team, including any new hires that we may make, fails to work together effectively and execute our plans and strategies on a timely basis, our business and future prospects may be adversely affected.
We may not effectively ensure that our website is accessible and any significant disruption in our online services could adversely affect our business, brand and reputation, results of operations, financial condition and future prospects.
A key element of our continued growth is the ability of our customers to access our website and our ability to fulfill orders. Our systems may not be adequately designed with the necessary reliability to avoid performance delays, disruptions or outages that could be harmful to our business. At times we have experienced, and may in the future experience, website disruptions, outages, and other performance problems due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure maintenance, human or software errors,
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capacity constraints, denial of service, fraud or security attacks. In some instances, we may not be able to identify the cause or causes of these website performance problems within an acceptable period of time. It may become increasingly difficult to maintain and improve our website performance, especially during peak usage times, if the number of online services we offer increases, our services become more complex, or our customer traffic grows. If our website is unavailable when customers attempt to access it, our customers may seek other solutions to address their legal needs and may not return to our website in the future. To the extent that we do not effectively address future capacity constraints, upgrade our systems as needed and continually develop our online legal platform to accommodate actual and anticipated technology changes, our business, brand and reputation, results of operations, financial condition and future prospects could be adversely affected.
Our product fulfillment locations and data centers are vulnerable to damage or interruption from natural disasters, power losses, telecommunication failures, terrorist attacks, human errors, break-ins and similar events. The occurrence of a natural disaster or other unanticipated problems at our facilities could result in lengthy interruptions in our services. We may not be able to efficiently relocate our fulfillment and delivery operations due to disruptions in service if one of these events occurs and our insurance coverage may be insufficient to compensate us for such losses. Because the Los Angeles area is located in an earthquake fault zone, we are particularly sensitive to the risk of damage to, or total destruction of, our primary office and one of our key fulfillment and delivery centers. We are not insured against any such loss or expense that may result from a disruption to our business due to earthquakes, which, if incurred, could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We are involved in several litigation matters that are expensive and time consuming, and, if resolved adversely, could harm our business, brand and reputation, financial condition or results of operations.
We are involved in several lawsuits brought by customers alleging that we engage in the unauthorized practice of law or otherwise violate the law. The plaintiffs in these actions generally seek disgorgement, monetary damages, penalties, and/or injunctive relief. For example, class action lawsuits were filed against us in California state court in September 2009 and March 2010 alleging, primarily, that we failed to comply with the California Legal Document Assistance Act, engaged in unfair business practices and made misrepresentations in our business operations. Between the cases, plaintiffs sought to have all contracts between LegalZoom and its customers for the prior four years declared void, a return of all revenues generated from these customers, punitive damages, penalties and injunctive relief. A statewide class action lawsuit was filed against us in Missouri state court in December 2009, alleging that we were engaged in the unauthorized practice of law and had violated the Missouri Merchandising Practices Act and seeking damages of five years of fees charged to Missouri customers with the fees from the two years immediately preceding the complaint trebled and an injunction enjoining us from continued operation in Missouri. While we have denied and continue to deny all of the allegations and claims asserted in these lawsuits, without admitting liability, and to avoid additional legal costs to defend these matters, we signed settlement agreements to resolve the claims in the California cases in June 2011 and the Missouri case in August 2011. The maximum possible aggregate loss for these matters is approximately $16 million. The ultimate cost of these two pending settlements are dependent on a number of factors, including the resolution of any appeals of the approved settlements, and actual claims made by, and the resulting payments to, the class members. We have reasonably estimated the collective range of aggregate probable losses for these matters to be between approximately $5.4 million and $7 million and, in accordance with GAAP, have accrued $5.4 million, the low end of the range. The ultimate resolution of these matters could result in an estimated loss of up to $1.6 million in excess of the amounts accrued based on the range of reasonably estimated probable losses. The range of loss has been estimated based on an analysis of numerous factors, including possible claim amounts within the class, whether the claim amounts are payable in-kind or in cash, the date when the services subject to the class were sold, comparable, class action settlement and redemption rate statistics and experience available from other companies for similar
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types of settlements, and the claims rates to date. The determination of the probability of loss and the range of loss requires significant judgment.
We anticipate that we will continue to be a target for such lawsuits in the future. Any litigation to which we are a party may result in an onerous or unfavorable judgment that may not be reversed upon appeal, or we may decide to settle lawsuits on unfavorable terms. In addition, defending these claims is costly and can impose a significant burden on management and employees, and we may receive unfavorable preliminary or interim rulings in the course of litigation. Any such negative outcome could result in payments of substantial monetary damages or fines, adverse effects on the market price of our common stock or changes to our products or business practices, and accordingly our business, brand and reputation, financial condition, or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
If we fail to adequately protect our website from computer malware, viruses, hacking, phishing and denial-of-service attacks, our brand and reputation and our ability to retain existing customers and attract new customers could be harmed.
Computer malware, viruses, hacking, phishing and denial-of-service attacks have become more prevalent in the online services industry. Denial-of-service attacks have occurred on our systems in the past, and may occur on our systems in the future. Any failure to maintain performance, reliability, security, and availability of our interactive legal documents services and online technology platform to the satisfaction of our customers may harm our brand and reputation and our ability to retain existing customers and attract new customers, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
If we are unable to adequately protect our intellectual property to prevent unauthorized use or appropriation, the value of our brand and other intangible assets, as well as our business, results of operations, financial condition and future prospects may be adversely affected.
We rely and expect to continue to rely on confidentiality and license agreements with our employees, consultants and third parties, and on trademark, copyright, trade secret, and domain name protection laws, to protect our proprietary rights. In the United States and internationally, we have filed applications to protect elements of our intellectual property. We have no issued patents or pending patent applications. Third parties may knowingly or unknowingly infringe on or challenge our proprietary rights, and pending and future trademark or other intellectual property applications may not be approved. In addition, effective intellectual property protection may not be available in every country in which we operate or intend to operate our business. In these cases, we may expend significant time and expense to prevent infringement and enforce our rights. We cannot assure you that others will not offer services or concepts that are substantially similar to ours and compete with our business. If the protection of our proprietary rights is inadequate to prevent unauthorized use or appropriation, the value of our brand and other intangible assets may be diminished and competitors may be able to more effectively mimic our services, business practices or operations which may have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and future prospects.
We may in the future become party to lawsuits and other intellectual property rights claims that are expensive and time consuming, and, if resolved adversely, could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
As we face increasing competition and gain an increasingly high profile, including in connection with our initial public offering, third parties may make intellectual property claims, file lawsuits or initiate other proceedings against us. In addition, we may introduce new services, including in areas where we currently do not compete, which could increase our exposure to intellectual property claims. Defending against lawsuits and other intellectual property claims is costly and can place a significant burden on management and employees. If claims are made against us, there can be no assurances that favorable final outcomes will
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be obtained and, if resolved adversely, may result in changes to or discontinuance of some of our services, potential liabilities or additional costs which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We are subject to risks related to accepting credit and debit card payments that may harm our business or expose us to additional costs and liabilities.
We accept payments from our customers primarily through credit and debit card transactions. For credit and debit card payments, we pay interchange and other fees, which may increase over time and raise our operating costs and lower profitability. We rely on a third party to provide payment processing services, including the processing of our credit and debit card transactions, and it could interrupt our business if this third party becomes unwilling or unable to provide these services to us. If our processing vendor has problems with our billing software, or the billing software malfunctions, we could lose customers who subscribe to our legal plans, registered agent services and other subscription services, which could decrease our revenues. In addition, if our billing software fails to work properly and, as a result, we do not automatically charge our subscribers' credit cards on a timely basis or at all, our revenues could be adversely affected.
We are also subject to payment card industry rules, certification requirements and rules governing electronic funds transfer, any of which could change or be reinterpreted to make it more difficult for us to comply. Our failure to comply fully with these rules or requirements may subject us to fines, higher transaction fees, penalties, damages, and civil liability and may result in the loss of our ability to accept credit and debit card payments, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
As we expand our business to jurisdictions outside the United States, we may be required to explore and adopt new payment methods and processes. This may require the development of software or application for licenses for billing and collection purposes. Our failure to timely and efficiently adopt those new methods and implement new processes could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and future prospects.
We are an "emerging growth company," and we cannot be certain if the reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our common stock less attractive to investors.
We are an "emerging growth company," as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act, or the JOBS Act. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We could be an emerging growth company for up to five years, although circumstances could cause us to lose that status earlier, including if the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of any June 30 before that time, in which case we would no longer be an emerging growth company as of the following December 31. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.
Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can also delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourself of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.
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If we are unable to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in the future, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our common stock may decline.
As a public company, we will be required to maintain internal control over financial reporting and to report any material weaknesses in such internal control. In addition, beginning with our 2013 annual report on Form 10-K to be filed in 2014, we will be required to furnish a report by management on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We are in the process of designing, implementing, and testing the internal control over financial reporting required to comply with this obligation, which process is time consuming, costly, and complicated. In addition, our independent registered public accounting firm will be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting beginning with our annual report on Form 10-K following the date on which we are no longer an "emerging growth company," which may be up to five full years following the date of this offering. If we identify material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, if we are unable to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner or assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting when required, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our common stock could be negatively affected, and we could become subject to investigations by the stock exchange on which our securities are listed, the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources.
The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources and divert management's attention.
As a public company, we will be subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Act, the listing requirements of the New York Stock Exchange, or the NYSE, and other applicable securities rules and regulations. Despite recent reforms made possible by the JOBS Act, compliance with these rules and regulations will nonetheless increase our legal and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly and increase demand on our systems and resources, particularly after we are no longer an "emerging growth company." The Exchange Act requires, among other things, that we file annual, quarterly, and current reports with respect to our business and operating results.
As a result of disclosure of information in this prospectus and in filings required of a public company, our business and financial condition will become more visible, which we believe may result in threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors and other third parties. If such claims are successful, our business and operating results could be harmed, and even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert the resources of our management and adversely affect our business, brand and reputation and results of operations.
We also expect that being a public company and these new rules and regulations will make it more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain coverage. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified members of our board of directors, particularly to serve on our audit committee and compensation committee, and qualified executive officers.
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Risks Relating to Our Common Stock
The market price of our common stock may be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance, and you may not be able to resell your shares at or above the initial public offering price, if at all.
The initial public offering price for our common stock will be determined through negotiations between the underwriters and us and may vary from the market price of our common stock following our initial public offering. If you purchase shares of our common stock in this offering, you may not be able to resell those shares at or above the initial public offering price, if at all. We cannot assure you that the initial public offering price of our common stock, or the market price following this offering, will equal or exceed prices in privately negotiated transactions of our shares that have occurred from time to time prior to this offering. The market price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, including:
Furthermore, the stock markets recently have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. These fluctuations often have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. These broad market fluctuations, as well as general economic, political and market conditions
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such as recessions, interest rate changes or international currency fluctuations, may negatively impact the market price of our common stock. If the market price of our common stock after this offering does not exceed the initial public offering price, you may not realize any return on your investment in us and may lose some or all of your investment. In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert our management's attention from other business concerns, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Future sales of our common stock in the public market could cause the price of our common stock to decline.
Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market after our initial public offering, or the perception that these sales might occur, could depress the market price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. After this offering, we will have outstanding shares of common stock, based on the number of shares of our common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2011. This number includes shares that we and the selling stockholders are selling in this offering, and assumes no additional exercise of outstanding options.
All of the shares of common stock sold in this offering will be freely tradable without restrictions or further registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended or the Securities Act, except for any shares held by our affiliates as defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act. The remaining shares of our common stock outstanding after this offering, based on shares outstanding as of December 31, 2011, will be restricted as a result of securities laws, lock-up agreements or other contractual restrictions that restrict transfers for at least 180 days after the date of this prospectus, subject to certain extensions.
Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC and Merrill, Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated may permit our executive officers, our directors, and the selling stockholders to sell shares prior to the expiration of the restrictive provisions contained in the "lock-up" agreements with the underwriters. In addition, we may, with the written consent of Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC and Merrill, Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, permit our employees and current stockholders who are subject to market standoff agreements or arrangements with us and who are not subject to a lock-up agreement with the underwriters to sell shares prior to the expiration of the restrictive provisions contained in those market standoff agreements or arrangements.
After this offering, the holders of shares of common stock, or % of our total outstanding common stock, based on shares outstanding as of December 31, 2011 and giving effect to the sale of shares by us and the selling stockholders, will be entitled to rights with respect to registration of these shares under the Securities Act pursuant to an investors' rights agreement. If these holders of our common stock, by exercising their registration rights, sell a large number of shares, they could adversely affect the market price for our common stock. If we file a registration statement for the purposes of selling additional shares to raise capital and are required to include shares held by these holders pursuant to the exercise of their registration rights, our ability to raise capital may be impaired. We intend to file a registration statement on Form S-8 under the Securities Act to register up to approximately million shares of our common stock for issuance under our 2000 Stock Option Plan, our 2010 Stock Incentive Plan and our 2012 Equity Incentive Plan. Once we register these shares, they can be freely sold in the public market upon issuance and once vested, subject to a 180-day lock-up period and other restrictions provided under the terms of the applicable plan and/or the option agreements entered into with option holders.
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No public market for our common stock currently exists, and an active public trading market may not develop or be sustained following this offering.
Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our common stock. Although we expect to apply to list our common stock on the NYSE, an active trading market may not develop following the completion of this offering or, if developed, may not be sustained. The lack of an active market may impair your ability to sell your shares at the time you wish to sell them or at a price that you consider reasonable. The lack of an active market may also reduce the fair value of your shares. An inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital to continue to fund operations by selling shares and may impair our ability to acquire other companies or technologies by using our shares as consideration.
If you purchase shares of our common stock in our initial public offering, you will experience substantial and immediate dilution.
If you purchase shares of our common stock in our initial public offering, you will experience substantial and immediate dilution in the pro forma net tangible book value per share of $ per share as of December 31, 2011, based on an assumed initial public offering price of our common stock of $ per share, the midpoint of the price range on the cover page of this prospectus, because the price that you pay will be substantially greater than the pro forma net tangible book value per share of the common stock that you acquire. This dilution is due in large part to the fact that our earlier investors paid substantially less than the initial public offering price when they purchased their shares of our capital stock. You will experience additional dilution upon exercise of options to purchase common stock under our equity incentive plans, if we issue restricted stock to our employees under our equity incentive plans, or if we otherwise issue additional shares of our common stock. See "Dilution."
We have broad discretion in the use of the net proceeds from our initial public offering and may not use them effectively.
We intend to use the net proceeds to us from this offering primarily for general corporate purposes, including working capital and capital expenditures. We may also use a portion of the net proceeds for the acquisition of, or investment in, technologies, solutions or businesses that complement our business, although we have no present commitments or agreements to enter into any acquisitions or investments. However, we will have broad discretion over the uses of the net proceeds, and we may spend or invest them in ways that our stockholders disagree or that could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or publish negative reports about our business, our share price and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our common stock will, to some extent, depend on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. We do not have any control over these analysts. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our shares or change their opinion of our shares, our share price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our share price or trading volume to decline.
We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future, which could reduce the attractiveness of our stock to some investors.
We currently intend to retain any future earnings to finance the operation and expansion of our business, and we do not expect to declare or pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. As a result, you may only receive a return on your investment in our common stock if the market price of our common stock increases. In addition, our credit facility contains restrictions on our ability to pay dividends.
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Delaware law and provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws that will be in effect at the closing of our initial public offering could make a merger, tender offer, or proxy contest difficult, thereby depressing the trading price of our common stock.
Following the closing of our initial public offering, our status as a Delaware corporation and the anti-takeover provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law may discourage, delay, or prevent a change in control by prohibiting us from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder for a period of three years after the person becomes an interested stockholder, even if a change of control would be beneficial to our existing stockholders. In addition, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws that will be in effect at the closing of our initial public offering will contain provisions that may make the acquisition of our company more difficult, including the following:
These provisions could depress the trading price of our common stock or reduce the ability of someone to acquire the company at a premium to the trading price of our common stock.
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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This prospectus, including the sections entitled "Prospectus Summary," "Risk Factors," "Use of Proceeds," "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and "Business," contains forward-looking statements. In some cases you can identify these statements by forward-looking words such as "believe," "may," "will," "estimate," "continue," "anticipate," "intend," "could," "would," "project," "plan," "expect" or the negative or plural of these words or similar expressions. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements concerning the following:
These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those described in "Risk Factors." Moreover, we operate in a competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this prospectus may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements.
You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee that the future results, levels of activity, performance or events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur. Moreover, except as required by law, neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of the forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this prospectus to conform these statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations.
You should read this prospectus and the documents that we reference in this prospectus and have filed with the SEC as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part with the understanding that our actual future results, levels of activity, performance and events and circumstances may be materially different from what we expect.
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MARKET, INDUSTRY AND OTHER DATA
Unless otherwise indicated, information contained in this prospectus concerning our industry and the market in which we operate, including our general expectations and market position, market opportunity and market size, is based on information from various sources, on assumptions that we have made that are based on those data and other similar sources and on our knowledge of the markets for our services. These data involve a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such estimates. We have not independently verified any third-party information and cannot assure you of its accuracy or completeness. While we believe the market position, market opportunity and market size information included in this prospectus is generally reliable, such information is inherently imprecise. In addition, projections, assumptions and estimates of our future performance and the future performance of the industry in which we operate is necessarily subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described in "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this prospectus. These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in the estimates made by the independent parties and by us.
Neither we, nor the selling stockholders, nor the underwriters, have authorized anyone to provide any information or to make any representations other than those contained in this prospectus or in any free writing prospectuses we have prepared. We take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. We and the selling stockholders are offering to sell, and seeking offers to buy, shares of our common stock only in jurisdictions where offers and sales are permitted. The information in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or any sale of shares of our common stock. Our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects may have changed since that date.
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We estimate that the net proceeds to us from the sale of the shares of our common stock offered by us will be approximately $ million, based on an assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. If the underwriters' over-allotment option to purchase additional shares in this offering is exercised in full, we estimate that our net proceeds will be approximately $ million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of common stock by the selling stockholders.
A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $ per share would increase (decrease) the net proceeds to us from this offering by approximately $ million, assuming the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. Similarly, each increase (decrease) of one million shares in the number of shares of common stock offered by us would increase (decrease) the net proceeds to us from this offering by approximately $ million, assuming the assumed initial public offering price remains the same and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.
The principal purposes of this offering are to create a public market for our common stock and thereby enable access to the public equity markets by our employees and stockholders, obtain additional capital and increase our visibility in the marketplace. We currently intend to use the net proceeds to us from this offering primarily for general corporate purposes, including working capital and capital expenditures associated with scaling our operations, technology and infrastructure to support our growth. We may also use a portion of the net proceeds for the acquisition of, or investment in, technologies, solutions or businesses that complement our business, although we have no present commitments or agreements to enter into any acquisitions or investments. We will have broad discretion over the uses of the net proceeds in this offering. Pending these uses, we intend to invest the net proceeds from this offering in short-term, investment-grade interest-bearing securities.
We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings for use in the operation of our business and do not intend to declare or pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any further determination to pay dividends on our capital stock will be at the discretion of our board of directors, subject to applicable laws, and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, general business conditions, and other factors that our board of directors considers relevant. In addition, the terms of our credit facility contain restrictions on our ability to pay dividends.
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The following table shows our cash and cash equivalents and our capitalization as of December 31, 2011:
|
As of December 31, 2011 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Actual | Pro Forma | Pro Forma, As Adjusted(1) |
|||||||
|
(in thousands, except share and par value data) |
|||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents |
$ | 27,108 | $ | 27,108 | $ | |||||
Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock, $0.001 par value: 7,628,000 shares authorized, issued and outstanding, actual; no shares authorized, issued and outstanding, pro forma and pro forma as adjusted |
$ | 62,691 | $ | | $ | |||||
Stockholders' equity (deficit): |
||||||||||
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value: no shares authorized, issued and outstanding, actual; shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding, pro forma and pro forma as adjusted |
| | ||||||||
Common stock, $0.001 par value: 66,180,000 shares authorized, 31,779,695 shares issued and 31,509,695 shares outstanding, actual; shares authorized, 54,663,695 shares issued and 54,393,695 outstanding, pro forma; and shares authorized, shares issued and outstanding, pro forma as adjusted |
31 | 54 | ||||||||
Additional paid-in capital |
331 | 62,999 | ||||||||
Treasury stock, at cost, 270,000 shares |
(519 | ) | (519 | ) | ||||||
Accumulated deficit |
(59,653 | ) | (59,653 | ) | ||||||
Total stockholders' equity (deficit) |
(59,810 | ) | 2,881 | |||||||
Total capitalization |
$ | 2,881 | $ | 2,881 | $ | |||||
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approximately $ million, assuming the assumed initial public offering price remains the same, and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. The pro forma as adjusted information discussed above is illustrative only and will be adjusted based on the actual public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing.
The total number of shares of our common stock reflected in the discussion and table above is based on 54,393,695 shares of common stock (including preferred stock on an as converted basis) outstanding on a pro forma basis, as of December 31, 2011, and excludes, as of December 31, 2011:
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If you invest in our common stock, your interest will be diluted to the extent of the difference between the initial public offering price per share of our common stock and the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of our common stock immediately after this offering. The historical net tangible book value of our common stock as of December 31, 2011 was a deficit of $4.0 million, or $(0.13) per share. Historical net tangible book value per share represents our total tangible assets, excluding deferred tax assets, less our total liabilities, divided by the number of shares of outstanding common stock.
After giving effect to the (i) automatic conversion of our outstanding preferred stock into our common stock immediately prior to the completion of this offering and (ii) receipt of the net proceeds from our sale of shares of common stock in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value as of December 31, 2011 would have been $ million, or $ per share. This represents an immediate increase in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value of $ per share to existing stockholders and an immediate dilution of $ per share to new investors purchasing common stock in this offering.
The following table illustrates this dilution on a per share basis to new investors:
Assumed initial public offering price per share |
$ | ||||||
Net tangible book value (deficit) per share as of December 31, 2011 |
$ | (0.13 | ) | ||||
Increase per share attributable to conversion of Series A |
0.06 | ||||||
Pro forma net tangible book value (deficit) per share as of December 31, 2011 |
(0.07 | ) | |||||
Increase per share attributable to this offering |
|||||||
Pro forma net tangible book value per share, as adjusted to give effect to this offering |
|||||||
Dilution in pro forma net tangible book value per share to new investors in this offering |
$ | ||||||
A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $ per share would increase (decrease) the pro forma net tangible book value, as adjusted to give effect to this offering, by $ per share and the dilution to new investors by $ per share, assuming the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same, and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated expenses payable by us. Similarly, each increase (decrease) of one million shares in the number of shares of common stock offered by us would increase (decrease) the pro forma net tangible book value, as adjusted to give effect to this offering, by $ per share and the dilution to new investors by $ per share, assuming the assumed initial public offering price remains the same and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated expenses payable by us. If the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full, the pro forma net tangible book value per share of our common stock, as adjusted to give effect to this offering, would be $ per share, and the dilution in pro forma net tangible book value per share to investors in this offering would be $ per share of common stock.
The table below summarizes as of December 31, 2011, on a pro forma as adjusted basis described above, the number of shares of our common stock, the total consideration and the average price per share (i) paid to us by existing stockholders and (ii) to be paid by new investors purchasing our common stock in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, the midpoint of the price
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range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses.
|
Shares Purchased | Total Consideration | |
|||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Average Price Per Share |
|||||||||||||||
|
Number | Percent | Amount | Percent | ||||||||||||
Existing stockholders |
% | $ | % | $ | ||||||||||||
New investors |
||||||||||||||||
Total |
100 | % | $ | 100 | % | |||||||||||
The total number of shares of our common stock reflected in the discussion and tables above is based on 54,393,695 shares of common (including preferred stock on an as converted basis) outstanding, as of December 31, 2011, and excludes, as of December 31, 2011:
Sales by the selling stockholders in this offering will cause the number of shares held by existing stockholders to be reduced to shares, or % of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding after this offering, and will increase the number of shares held by new investors to shares, or % of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding after this offering. In addition, if the underwriters' over-allotment option is exercised in full, the number of shares held by the existing stockholders after this offering would be reduced to % of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding after this offering, and the number of shares held by new investors would increase to shares, or % of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding after this offering.
To the extent that any outstanding options are exercised, new options are issued under our stock-based compensation plans or we issue additional shares of common stock in the future, there will be further dilution to investors participating in this offering. If all outstanding options under our 2000 Stock Option Plan and our 2010 Stock Incentive Plan as of December 31, 2011 were exercised, our existing stockholders, including the holders of these options, would own % and our new investors would own % of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding upon the completion of this offering. In such event, the total consideration paid by our existing stockholders, including the holders of these options, would be approximately $ million, or %, the total consideration paid by our new investors would be $ million, or %, the average price per share paid by our existing stockholders would be $ and the average price per share paid by our new investors would be $ .
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SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA
You should read the following selected historical consolidated financial data below in conjunction with "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and the consolidated financial statements, related notes and other financial information included in this prospectus. The selected consolidated financial data in this section are not intended to replace the consolidated financial statements and are qualified in their entirety by the consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus.
The consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2010 and 2011 are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected in the future.
|
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2009 | 2010 | 2011 | |||||||
|
(in thousands, except per share data) |
|||||||||
Consolidated Statements of Operations Data: |
||||||||||
Revenues(1) |
$ | 103,299 | $ | 120,771 | $ | 156,066 | ||||
Costs and operating expenses(2): |
||||||||||
Cost of services |
53,082 | 60,643 | 80,437 | |||||||
Sales and marketing |
32,673 | 36,322 | 41,891 | |||||||
Technology and development |
4,686 | 7,509 | 8,117 | |||||||
General and administrative(1) |
13,154 | 20,024 | 19,343 | |||||||
Total costs and operating expenses |
103,595 | 124,498 | 149,788 | |||||||
Income (loss) from operations |
(296 | ) | (3,727 | ) | 6,278 | |||||
Interest and other expense, net |
(33 |
) |
(15 |
) |
(153 |
) |
||||
Income (loss) before income taxes |
(329 | ) | (3,742 | ) | 6,125 | |||||
Income tax (provision) benefit |
(311 |
) |
(282 |
) |
5,998 |
|||||
Net income (loss) |
$ | (640 | ) | $ | (4,024 | ) | $ | 12,123 | ||
Accretion of Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock |
(4,035 | ) | (4,038 | ) | (4,042 | ) | ||||
Net income attributable to participating securities |
| | (3,407 | ) | ||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders |
$ | (4,675 | ) | $ | (8,062 | ) | $ | 4,674 | ||
Net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders(3): |
||||||||||
Basic |
$ | (0.17 | ) | $ | (0.28 | ) | $ | 0.15 | ||
Diluted |
$ | (0.17 | ) | $ | (0.28 | ) | $ | 0.13 | ||
Weighted-average shares used to compute net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders(3): |
||||||||||
Basic |
28,051 | 29,040 | 31,388 | |||||||
Diluted |
28,051 | 29,040 | 36,293 | |||||||
Pro forma net income per share(4): |
||||||||||
Basic |
$ | 0.22 | ||||||||
Diluted |
$ | 0.20 | ||||||||
Weighted average number of shares used in computing pro forma net income per share(4): |
||||||||||
Basic |
54,272 | |||||||||
Diluted |
59,177 | |||||||||
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|
|
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
2009 | 2010 | 2011 | ||||||||
|
|
(in thousands) |
||||||||||
|
Cost of services |
$ | 200 | $ | 178 | $ | 155 | |||||
|
Sales and marketing |
124 | 46 | 56 | ||||||||
|
Technology and development |
114 | 155 | 133 | ||||||||
|
General and administrative |
699 | 929 | 600 | ||||||||
|
Total stock-compensation expense |
$ | 1,137 | $ | 1,308 | $ | 944 | |||||
|
As of December 31, | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2010 | 2011 | |||||
|
(in thousands) |
||||||
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data: |
|||||||
Cash and cash equivalents |
$ | 19,169 | $ | 27,108 | |||
Working capital (deficit) |
(5,905 | ) | (2,316 | ) | |||
Total assets |
35,629 | 53,501 | |||||
Total liabilities |
46,488 | 50,620 | |||||
Redeemable convertible preferred stock |
58,649 | 62,691 | |||||
Total stockholders' deficit |
(69,508 | ) | (59,810 | ) |
Adjusted EBITDA
To provide investors and others with additional information regarding our financial results, we have disclosed in the table below and within this prospectus Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial measure. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) plus interest and other expense, net; income tax provision (benefit); certain non-cash charges, including depreciation, amortization and stock-based compensation; and loss from legal settlements. Our non-GAAP Adjusted EBITDA financial measure differs from GAAP in that it excludes certain items of income and expense. Adjusted EBITDA or the equivalent is frequently used by securities analysts, investors and others as a common financial measure of operating performance.
Adjusted EBITDA is one of the primary measures used by our management and board of directors to understand and evaluate our financial performance and operating trends, including period to period comparisons, to prepare and approve our annual budget and to develop short and long term operational plans. Additionally, Adjusted EBITDA is one of the key measures used by the compensation committee of our board of directors to establish the target for and ultimately pay our annual employee bonus pool for virtually all bonus eligible employees. We also frequently use Adjusted EBITDA in our discussions with investors, commercial bankers and other users of our financial statements.
Management believes Adjusted EBITDA reflects our ongoing business in a manner that allows for meaningful period to period comparisons and analysis of trends. In particular, in calculating Adjusted EBITDA, we exclude certain income and expense items that we believe are not directly attributable to the underlying performance of our business, or are the result of long-term investment decisions in previous periods rather than day-to-day operating decisions, and may be used in future decisions for expansion and acquisition opportunities.
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Our use of Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are:
Because of these limitations, you should consider Adjusted EBITDA alongside other financial performance measures, including various cash flow metrics, net income (loss) and our other GAAP results. We encourage investors and others to review our financial information in its entirety and not rely on a single financial measure.
The following table presents a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA for each of the periods indicated:
|
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2009 | 2010 | 2011 | |||||||
|
(in thousands) |
|||||||||
Net income (loss) |
$ | (640 | ) | $ | (4,024 | ) | $ | 12,123 | ||
Interest and other expense, net |
33 | 15 | 153 | |||||||
Income tax provision (benefit) |
311 |
282 |
(5,998 |
) |
||||||
Depreciation and amortization |
2,937 | 3,509 | 4,562 | |||||||
Stock-based compensation |
1,137 | 1,308 | 944 | |||||||
Loss from legal settlements |
| 5,359 | | |||||||
Adjusted EBITDA |
$ | 3,778 | $ | 6,449 | $ | 11,784 | ||||
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MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read together with "Prospectus SummarySummary Consolidated Financial Data," "Selected Consolidated Financial Data" and our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included elsewhere within this prospectus. This discussion includes both historical information and forward-looking information that involves risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results may differ materially from management's expectations as a result of various factors, including but not limited to those discussed in the sections entitled "Risk Factors" and "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements."
Overview
LegalZoom is the leading online provider of services that meet the legal needs of small businesses and consumers in the United States. We believe that we are transforming the small business and consumer legal services market by leveraging the power of technology and people. Our online legal platform enables us to deliver services at scale with a compelling combination of quality, customer care and value. Our services include a portfolio of interactive legal documents that are personalized by our customers through our dynamic online processes, as well as subscription legal plans and registered agent services.
We developed our easy-to-use, online legal platform to make the law more accessible to small businesses and consumers. Our scalable technology platform enables the efficient creation of personalized legal documents, automates our supply chain and fulfillment workflow management, and provides customer analytics to help us improve our services. For small businesses and consumers who want legal advice, we offer subscription legal plans that connect our customers with experienced attorneys who participate in our legal plan network.
We have served approximately two million customers over the last 10 years. In 2011, nine out of ten of our surveyed customers said they would recommend LegalZoom to their friends and family, our customers placed approximately 490,000 orders and more than 20 percent of new California limited liability companies were formed using our online legal platform. We believe the volume of transactions processed through our online legal platform creates a scale advantage that deepens our knowledge and enables us to improve the quality and depth of the services we provide to our customers.
Our revenues consist primarily of transaction revenues and subscription revenues. We generate transaction revenues when we fulfill customer orders. We generate subscription revenues from customers who subscribe to our legal plans, registered agent services and unlimited access to our forms library. We also generate other revenues from fees we earn when our customers purchase products and services offered by certain third parties.
Our business is evolving from primarily a transaction model to a combined transaction and subscription model. As a result, we expect that subscription revenues as a percentage of our total revenues will continue to grow for the foreseeable future. We evaluate how we market and sell transaction services to optimize our subscription business, with the ultimate objective of increasing revenues from customers through additional orders and subscriptions, which we refer to as customer lifetime value.
We have consistently invested in building and growing our business. Other than $8.1 million of outside capital and cash provided by exercises of stock options, we have funded our operations and capital expenditures since inception from cash flows provided by operating activities.
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Key Metrics
Our management uses a number of financial and business metrics to evaluate and monitor the performance of our business, identify trends affecting our business, determine the allocation of resources and make decisions regarding our business strategies. We believe these metrics are useful to investors to understand the underlying trends in our business.
The following charts set forth our revenues, Adjusted EBITDA and net income (loss) for each of the eight quarters ended December 31, 2011.
The following charts set forth the number of orders placed, the number of subscribers (as of period end) and subscription revenues as a percentage of total revenues for each of the eight quarters ended December 31, 2011.
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customers can enroll in a free, 30-day trial of one or more of our subscription-based services, which does not constitute a separate order, but does create a subscriber, as defined below. We use this metric as a key indicator to measure the performance of our transaction business from period to period.
Factors Affecting Our Performance
Investment in Our Subscription Legal Plan Business. While we have a large transaction business for online interactive legal document services, we have invested, and will continue to invest, in expanding our subscription revenues from legal plans. This includes developing technology and infrastructure to support our legal plans and attorney network and expanding our sales and marketing efforts, particularly to promote legal plans and our brand. These investments will occur in advance of realizing any benefit from such investments, and therefore it may be difficult for us to determine if we are effectively allocating resources in these areas.
Investment in Customer Acquisition and Retention. We have invested, and expect that we will continue to invest, in the promotion of our services through our various customer acquisition channels, including search engine marketing, television and radio to acquire new customers and grow our business. We also invest in attracting and retaining customers with an objective of increasing overall customer lifetime value through product development and customer care initiatives. We continuously evaluate how we market and sell transaction services in order to optimize our subscription business.
Continued Adoption of Online Legal Services. Growth in number of orders placed, number of subscribers and total revenues will depend on continued customer adoption of online interactive legal documents and legal plans. Our business depends on our ability to build and maintain customer trust in the online legal services market and on our ability to broaden the market for small business and consumer legal services. The rate of adoption of online legal services will impact our ability to acquire new customers, increase our subscribers and grow our revenues.
Key Components of our Results of Operations
Revenues
We generate revenues from the following sources:
Transaction Revenues. Transaction revenues are primarily generated from our legal document preparation services upon fulfillment of these services, as well as certain legal document preparation services that were bundled with one- and five-year document revision and vaulting services. Prior to the change in accounting guidance on how revenue recognition is applied to multiple deliverable arrangements that we adopted on January 1, 2010, the full value of these bundled services were required to be recognized as revenues ratably on a straight-line basis over the service period. Revenues are recognized upon fulfillment of services, predominantly when a completed set of documents is shipped to the customer. Transaction revenues are net of refunds, cancellations, promotional discounts, sales allowances, credit reserves and the value allocated to bundled free-trials for our subscription services.
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Subscription Revenues. Subscription revenues are generated primarily when customers enroll in subscriptions to our legal plans, registered agent services or unlimited access to our forms library. We recognize revenues from our subscriptions ratably on a straight-line basis over the subscription term as such services are rendered. Subscription terms range from a period of 30 days to two years. Subscription revenues include the value allocated to bundled free-trials for our subscription services and are net of promotional discounts, cancellations, sales allowances, credit reserves and payments to legal plan attorneys.
Other Revenues. Other revenues consist primarily of fees earned from third-party providers for services provided to or leads generated for such providers through our online legal platform. We typically earn these revenues on a cost-per-click or cost-per-action basis.
We generally collect payments and fees at the time orders are placed. We record amounts collected for services that have not been performed as deferred revenues on our consolidated balance sheet. See "Critical Accounting PoliciesRevenue Recognition" for a description of the accounting policies related to revenue recognition, including arrangements that contain multiple deliverables.
Cost of Services
Our cost of services include all costs of providing and fulfilling our services. Cost of services primarily include government filing fees; costs of fulfillment, customer care and inbound sales personnel and related benefits, including stock-based compensation, and costs of independent contractors for document preparation; telecommunications and data center costs, including depreciation and amortization of network computers, equipment and internal use software; printing, shipping and courier charges; credit and debit card fees; allocated overhead; legal document kit expenses; and sales and use taxes.
Sales and Marketing
Our sales and marketing expenses are comprised of customer acquisition media, consisting primarily of search engine marketing, television and radio; compensation and related benefits, including stock-based compensation, for marketing and outbound sales personnel; media production; public relations and other promotional activities; general business development activities; and allocated overhead. Marketing and advertising costs to promote our products and services are expensed in the period incurred. Media production costs are expensed the first time the advertisement is aired.
Technology and Development
Technology and development expenses consist primarily of personnel costs and related benefits, including stock-based compensation, and expenses for outside consultants. These expenses also include allocated overhead and costs incurred in the development, implementation, amortization and maintenance of internal use software, including our website, online legal platform and related infrastructure. Technology and development costs are expensed as incurred, except to the extent that such costs are associated with internal use software or website development costs that are capitalized.
General and Administrative
Our general and administrative expenses relate primarily to employee compensation and related benefits, including stock-based compensation, for executive and corporate personnel; professional and consulting fees; allocated overhead; and legal loss contingencies.
Interest and Other Expense, Net
Interest and other expense, net, consists primarily of interest expense on our capital lease obligations, amortization of deferred financing fees and annual commitment fees on our revolving line of credit.
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Income Taxes
Our income tax (provision) benefit is comprised of current and deferred federal and state income taxes. Our current income tax provision is primarily related to state income taxes in jurisdictions where we generate taxable income. In 2011, our deferred federal and state income tax benefit was generated from the release of the valuation allowance pertaining to our federal and state net deferred income tax assets. In 2009 and 2010, we did not record any deferred income tax benefit or provision as we maintained a full valuation allowance against our federal and state net deferred income tax assets. See "Critical Accounting PoliciesIncome Taxes."
Segments
We operate in one operating segment, providing legal document preparation and related subscription services. Our chief operating decision maker is our Chief Executive Officer, who manages our operations on a consolidated basis for purposes of evaluating financial performance and allocating resources. Our Chief Executive Officer reviews separate revenue information for our transaction and subscription services. All other financial information is reviewed by him on a consolidated basis. All of our principal operations, decision-making functions and assets are located in the United States. Assets and revenues generated outside of the United States are not material for any of the periods presented.
Results of Operations
The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of operations data for each of the periods indicated. The period-to-period comparison of financial results should not be considered as a prediction or indicative of our future results.
|
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2009 | 2010 | 2011 | |||||||
|
(in thousands) |
|||||||||
Consolidated Statements of Operations Data: |
||||||||||
Revenues(1) |
$ | 103,299 | $ | 120,771 | $ | 156,066 | ||||
Costs and operating expenses(2): |
||||||||||
Cost of services |
53,082 | 60,643 | 80,437 | |||||||
Sales and marketing |
32,673 | 36,322 | 41,891 | |||||||
Technology and development |
4,686 | 7,509 | 8,117 | |||||||
General and administrative(1) |
13,154 | 20,024 | 19,343 | |||||||
Total costs and operating expenses |
103,595 | 124,498 | 149,788 | |||||||
Income (loss) from operations |
(296 | ) | (3,727 | ) | 6,278 | |||||
Interest and other expense, net |
(33 | ) | (15 | ) | (153 | ) | ||||
Income (loss) before income taxes |
(329 | ) | (3,742 | ) | 6,125 | |||||
Income tax (provision) benefit |
(311 | ) | (282 | ) | 5,998 | |||||
Net income (loss) |
$ | (640 | ) | $ | (4,024 | ) | $ | 12,123 | ||
40
|
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2009 | 2010 | 2011 | |||||||
|
(in thousands) |
|||||||||
Cost of services |
$ | 200 | $ | 178 | $ | 155 | ||||
Sales and marketing |
124 | 46 | 56 | |||||||
Technology and development |
114 | 155 | 133 | |||||||
General and administrative |
699 | 929 | 600 | |||||||
Total stock-based compensation expense |
$ | 1,137 | $ | 1,308 | $ | 944 | ||||
The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of operations data as a percentage of revenues for each of the periods indicated. The period-to-period comparison of financial results should not be considered as a prediction or indicative of our future results.
|
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2009 | 2010 | 2011 | |||||||
Consolidated Statements of Operations Data: |
||||||||||
Revenues |
100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | ||||
Costs and operating expenses: |
||||||||||
Cost of services |
51 | 50 | 52 | |||||||
Sales and marketing |
32 | 30 | 27 | |||||||
Technology and development |
5 | 6 | 5 | |||||||
General and administrative |
13 | 17 | 12 | |||||||
Total costs and operating expenses |
101 | 103 | 96 | |||||||
Income (loss) from operations |
(1 | ) | (3 | ) | 4 | |||||
Interest and other expense, net |
| | | |||||||
Income (loss) before income taxes |
(1 | ) | (3 | ) | 4 | |||||
Income tax (provision) benefit |
| | 4 | |||||||
Net income (loss) |
(1 | )% | (3 | )% | 8 | % | ||||
Years Ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011
Revenues
|
Year Ended December 31, | |
|
|||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2009 to 2010 % Change |
2010 to 2011 % Change |
||||||||||||||
|
2009 | 2010 | 2011 | |||||||||||||
|
(in thousands) |
|
|
|||||||||||||
Revenues by type: |
||||||||||||||||
Transaction revenues |
$ | 92,561 | $ | 105,491 | $ | 121,856 | 14 | % | 16 | % | ||||||
Subscription revenues |
4,966 | 10,889 | 27,878 | 119 | % | 156 | % | |||||||||
Other |
5,772 | 4,391 | 6,332 | (24 | )% | 44 | % | |||||||||
Total revenues |
$ | 103,299 | $ | 120,771 | $ | 156,066 | 17 | % | 29 | % | ||||||
2011 Compared to 2010. Total revenues increased $35.3 million in 2011 as a result of increases in transaction revenues and subscription revenues. Transaction revenues increased $16.4 million in 2011 due to a 12% increase in the number of orders placed. We implemented a number of new initiatives in the fourth quarter of 2010 that we believe contributed to the overall growth in orders in 2011, including lowered pricing for certain business formation services, the introduction of flexible customer payment options for certain of our services and website enhancements that we believe improved customer experience and conversion. The increase in the number of orders placed was largely in business formation
41
services, which tend to have a higher average order value. In addition, our revenues in 2010 also included a reduction of revenues of $0.8 million related to legal settlements described in "Critical Accounting Policies and EstimatesLoss Contingencies" and Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. No similar reduction to revenues was recorded in 2011.
Subscription revenues increased $17.0 million in 2011 with a 97% increase in the number of subscribers across all of our subscription services as a result of an expansion of our services. Our registered agent services benefited from a full year of expanded in-house operations in 2011, compared to only 10 months in 2010. Additionally, our legal plan services benefitted from an increase in legal plan prices and a full year of operations in 2011, compared to a partial year in 2010. We expect our subscription revenues to continue to grow as a percentage of total revenues as we continue to transition our business from a transaction model to a combined transaction and subscription model.
Other revenues increased $1.9 million due primarily to increased revenues from third-party products and services purchased by our customers.
2010 Compared to 2009. Total revenues increased $17.5 million in 2010. Transaction revenues increased $12.9 million primarily as a result of an increase in the number of orders placed and the recognition of $4.7 million of revenue from certain document preparation services due to the adoption of new revenue recognition rules as of January 1, 2010. See "Critical Accounting Policies and EstimatesRevenue Recognition." The 2010 revenue growth was partially offset by the $0.8 million reduction of revenue related to legal settlements as further described in "Critical Accounting Policies and EstimatesLoss Contingencies" and Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.
Subscription revenues increased $5.9 million in 2010 primarily as a result of a 147% increase in the number of subscribers. The increase in the number of subscribers and subscription revenues was driven primarily by two factors. First, prior to 2010, we performed our registered agent services in only six states, with the remainder of the states serviced by third parties. In March 2010, we began to expand our in-house operations to perform our registered agent services in an additional 43 states and the District of Columbia. For registered agent services we perform, we recognize as revenues the full amount we charge the customer and record the related costs incurred in fulfilling those services in cost of services. For registered agent customers serviced by a third party, we recognize revenues net of the fees paid to the third party. Second, we launched both our legal plan and our forms subscriptions in 2010, with the initial offering in California in April and a further expansion to other states in August.
Cost of Services
|
Year Ended December 31, | |
|
|||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2009 to 2010 % Change |
2010 to 2011 % Change |
||||||||||||||
|
2009 | 2010 | 2011 | |||||||||||||
|
(dollars in thousands) |
|
|
|||||||||||||
Cost of services |
$ | 53,082 | $ | 60,643 | $ | 80,437 | 14 | % | 33 | % | ||||||
Percentage of total revenues |
51 | % | 50 | % | 52 | % |
2011 Compared to 2010. Cost of services increased $19.8 million in 2011 primarily due to the growth in orders placed. The increase in cost of services as a percentage of total revenues was largely attributable to the strategic decision to reduce pricing of certain business formation services in the fourth quarter of 2010. This resulted in a shift in service mix toward business formation services, which have higher associated costs of services.
We plan to continue efforts to manage cost of services but expect total cost of services to increase as we fulfill greater volumes. However, with our business model evolving from primarily a transaction model to a combined transaction and subscription model, we expect the total cost of services as a percentage of total revenues to decrease over time as subscription services require less fulfillment labor and related costs.
42
2010 Compared to 2009. Cost of services increased $7.6 million in 2010 due to the increase in number of orders placed and expansion of operations. During March 2010, we opened a new customer service and production center in Austin, Texas, increasing both direct and allocated overhead costs by $0.7 million in 2010 as compared to 2009. We also experienced increased fulfillment costs associated with the expansion of our registered agent services business beginning in March 2010.
Sales and Marketing
|
Year Ended December 31, | |
|
|||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2009 to 2010 % Change |
2010 to 2011 % Change |
||||||||||||||
|
2009 | 2010 | 2011 | |||||||||||||
|
(dollars in thousands) |
|
|
|||||||||||||
Sales and marketing |
$ | 32,673 | $ | 36,322 | $ | 41,891 | 11 | % | 15 | % | ||||||
Percentage of total revenues |
32 | % | 30 | % | 27 | % |
2011 Compared to 2010. Sales and marketing expenses increased $5.6 million in 2011, $4.0 million of which was attributable to increased spend on customer acquisition media, including search engine marketing, television and radio. The remaining increase was primarily attributable to increase in personnel and related costs, and allocated overhead.
We have invested, and expect that we will continue to invest, in sales and marketing. Sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of total revenues are expected to increase in the near term, as we continue to invest in building our brand, particularly to promote our legal plans. Additionally, we plan to add marketing, sales and business development personnel, develop new campaigns and continue to invest in various forms of media.
2010 Compared to 2009. Sales and marketing expenses increased $3.6 million in 2010, $3.4 million of which was attributable to increased spend on customer acquisition media.
Technology and Development
|
Year Ended December 31, | |
|
|||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2009 to 2010 % Change |
2010 to 2011 % Change |
||||||||||||||
|
2009 | 2010 | 2011 | |||||||||||||
|
(dollars in thousands) |
|
|
|||||||||||||
Technology and development |
$ | 4,686 | $ | 7,509 | $ | 8,117 | 60 | % | 8 | % | ||||||
Percentage of total revenues |
5 | % | 6 | % | 5 | % |
2011 Compared to 2010. Technology and development expenses increased $0.6 million in 2011. The increase was primarily attributable to increased technology hiring and resulting compensation.
We have focused our technology and development efforts on improving and maintaining our internally-developed online technology platform, efficiency in operations and expanded infrastructure. As we grow our business, we expect to increase the cost of investment in technology and development in these areas and develop new services while enhancing the quality of customer experience for existing services, but we expect that technology and development expenses as a percentage of total revenues will remain relatively consistent or decrease gradually over time.
2010 Compared to 2009. Technology and development expenses increased $2.8 million in 2010. The increase was primarily attributable to the expansion of technology personnel and consultants for the development of our legal plan services, investments to improve operating efficiencies and to maintain and expand our infrastructure.
43
General and Administrative
|
Year Ended December 31, | |
|
|||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2009 to 2010 % Change |
2010 to 2011 % Change |
||||||||||||||
|
2009 | 2010 | 2011 | |||||||||||||
|
(dollars in thousands) |
|
|
|||||||||||||
General and administrative |
$ | 13,154 | $ | 20,024 | $ | 19,343 | 52 | % | (3 | )% | ||||||
Percentage of total revenues |
13 | % | 17 | % | 12 | % |
2011 Compared to 2010. General and administrative expenses decreased $0.7 million in 2011 because 2010 included a $4.6 million charge for estimated legal settlements with no similar charges in 2011. Excluding the legal settlements charge, further described in "Critical Accounting Policies and EstimatesLoss Contingencies" and Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus, general and administrative expenses increased by $3.9 million in 2011, approximately $1.8 million of which was attributable to bonuses awarded for company performance. No bonuses for company performance were awarded in 2010. The remaining $2.1 million increase was comprised primarily of $1.3 million in higher compensation for and additional new hires of executive and corporate personnel and $0.8 million in increased legal and audit fees.
We expect our general and administrative expenses to increase as we continue to expand our operations, hire additional personnel, grant additional stock-based awards and transition from a private to a public company. Public company costs we incur will include quarterly and annual reporting and compliance costs, including ongoing evaluation and maintenance of our internal controls over financial reporting, professional fees, exchange listing fees, shareholder and other investor communications, institution of an internal audit function and increased costs for directors' and officers' insurance and other support services.
2010 Compared to 2009. General and administrative expenses increased $6.9 million in 2010, including a $4.6 million charge related to legal settlements. See "Critical Accounting Policies and EstimatesLoss Contingencies" and Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. The remaining $2.3 million in increased general administrative expenses came primarily as a result of a $2.1 million increase in personnel costs and related benefits, including stock-based compensation, due to higher compensation and hiring, but was partially offset by lower bonus accruals. In 2010, we did not award any bonuses based on company performance compared to $1.1 million in 2009. The remaining $1.3 million is attributable to other expenses including costs associated with relocating our headquarters from Los Angeles to Glendale, California and opening our facility in Austin, Texas.
Interest and Other Expenses, Net
|
Year Ended December 31, | |
|
|||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2009 to 2010 % Change |
2010 to 2011 % Change |
||||||||||||||
|
2009 | 2010 | 2011 | |||||||||||||
|
(dollars in thousands) |
|
|
|||||||||||||
Interest and other expenses, net |
$ | (33 | ) | $ | (15 | ) | $ | (153 | ) | (55 | )% | NM | ||||
Percentage of total revenues |
| % | | % | | % |
Interest and other expenses, net, increased $0.1 million in 2011 primarily due to increased interest expenses on capital lease obligations and amortization of deferred financing fees. We have no amounts outstanding under our line of credit and do not expect to draw on the line in 2012. We may also generate additional interest income on the investment of the proceeds from this offering. Interest and other expenses, net, was immaterial in 2009 and 2010.
44
Income Tax (Provision) Benefit
|
Year Ended December 31, | |
|
|||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2009 to 2010 % Change |
2010 to 2011 % Change |
||||||||||||||
|
2009 | 2010 | 2011 | |||||||||||||
|
(dollars in thousands) |
|
|
|||||||||||||
Income tax (provision) benefit |
$ | (311 | ) | $ | (282 | ) | $ | 5,998 | (9 | )% | NM | |||||
Percentage of total revenues |
| % | | % | 4 | % |
Our income tax provision in 2009 and 2010 consisted of state taxes in states where we generated taxable income. Our income tax benefit in 2011 consisted of the release of a valuation allowance of $6.9 million, partially offset by a provision for state and federal income taxes of $0.6 million and $0.3 million, respectively. Prior to 2011, we generated losses and federal net operating loss carryforwards and we were not subject to federal income taxes but provided for a full valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets. In 2011, we became profitable and achieved a three-year cumulative income before income taxes during the second half of 2011. We also generated sufficient taxable income to begin to utilize a significant portion our previously recorded federal net operating loss carryforwards. Therefore, based on the weight of positive evidence that our deferred tax assets are more likely than not realizable, we released the valuation allowance against our remaining net deferred tax assets during the fourth quarter of 2011, except for capital loss carryforwards, which we do not expect to utilize prior to expiration in 2012. See "Critical Accounting Policies and EstimatesIncome Taxes."
We currently expect that we will continue to generate sufficient federal taxable income and be able to utilize our remaining net deferred tax assets available as of December 31, 2011. We also expect to continue to generate taxable income and pay income taxes in federal and state jurisdictions where we operate.
45
Unaudited Quarterly Results of Operations Data, Other Financial Data and Seasonality
The tables below set forth our unaudited quarterly consolidated statements of operations data and other financial data for each of the eight quarters ended December 31, 2011. We have prepared the quarterly consolidated statements of operations data on a basis consistent with the audited consolidated financial statements included in this prospectus. In the opinion of management, the financial information reflects all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of this data. This information should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. The results of historical periods are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations for a full year or any future period.
|
Three Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Mar. 31, 2010 |
June 30, 2010 |
Sept. 30, 2010 |
Dec. 31, 2010 |
Mar. 31, 2011 |
June 30, 2011 |
Sept. 30, 2011 |
Dec. 31, 2011 |
|||||||||||||||||
|
(in thousands) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Consolidated Statements of Operations Data: |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
Revenues(1) |
$ | 30,146 | $ | 31,206 | $ | 30,734 | $ | 28,685 | $ | 38,288 | $ | 40,671 | $ | 40,507 | $ | 36,600 | |||||||||
Costs and operating expenses: |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cost of services |
14,756 | 15,345 | 14,864 | 15,678 | 20,459 | 21,346 | 20,088 | 18,544 | |||||||||||||||||
Sales and marketing |
10,524 | 9,044 | 9,189 | 7,565 | 12,388 | 9,801 | 11,747 | 7,955 | |||||||||||||||||
Technology and development |
2,012 | 1,702 | 1,711 | 2,084 | 1,869 | 2,092 | 2,113 | 2,043 | |||||||||||||||||
General and administrative(1) |
8,313 | 3,178 | 3,620 | 4,913 | 4,596 | 4,851 | 5,195 | 4,701 | |||||||||||||||||
Total costs and operating expenses |
35,605 | 29,269 | 29,384 | 30,240 | 39,312 | 38,090 | 39,143 | 33,243 | |||||||||||||||||
Income (loss) from operations |
(5,459 | ) | 1,937 | 1,350 | (1,555 | ) | (1,024 | ) | 2,581 | 1,364 | 3,357 | ||||||||||||||
Interest and other income (expense), net |
(12 | ) | (14 | ) | 16 | (5 | ) | (51 | ) | (23 | ) | (40 | ) | (39 | ) | ||||||||||
Income (loss) before income taxes |
(5,471 | ) | 1,923 | 1,366 | (1,560 | ) | (1,075 | ) | 2,558 | 1,324 | 3,318 | ||||||||||||||
Income tax (provision) benefit |
(435 | ) | 153 | 174 | (174 | ) | 103 | (246 | ) | (127 | ) | 6,268 | |||||||||||||
Net income (loss) |
$ | (5,906 | ) | $ | 2,076 | $ | 1,540 | $ | (1,734 | ) | $ | (972 | ) | $ | 2,312 | $ | 1,197 | $ | 9,586 | ||||||
Other Financial Data: |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income (loss) |
$ | (5,906 | ) | $ | 2,076 | $ | 1,540 | $ | (1,734 | ) | $ | (972 | ) | $ | 2,312 | $ | 1,197 | $ | 9,586 | ||||||
Interest and other expense (income), net |
12 | 14 | (16 | ) | 5 | 51 | 23 | 40 | 39 | ||||||||||||||||
Income tax provision (benefit) |
435 | (153 | ) | (174 | ) | 174 | (103 | ) | 246 | 127 | (6,268 | ) | |||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization |
888 | 866 | 879 | 876 | 1,002 | 1,056 | 1,206 | 1,298 | |||||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation |
318 | 292 | 305 | 393 | 266 | 189 | 193 | 296 | |||||||||||||||||
Loss from legal settlements |
5,359 | | | | | | | | |||||||||||||||||
Adjusted EBITDA(2) |
$ | 1,106 | $ | 3,095 | $ | 2,534 | $ | (286 | ) | $ | 244 | $ | 3,826 | $ | 2,763 | $ | 4,951 | ||||||||
46
Seasonality
We have experienced, and expect that we will continue to experience, seasonality in the number of orders placed. Customers tend to place a higher number of orders in the first quarter of the year as we believe the demand for forming businesses is the highest at the beginning of the year. Further seasonality is reflected in the timing of our revenue recognition in the second quarter, as we typically recognize in the second quarter a high amount of revenues from orders placed in the first quarter that are fulfilled in the second quarter. Also, we generally see demand for our services decline around the beginning of the third quarter with summer vacations and in the last two months of the fourth quarter around the winter holidays. We expect this seasonality to continue into the future, which may cause period to period fluctuations in certain of our operating results and financial metrics and thus limit our ability to predict our future results.
Cost of services follow similar seasonal patterns of orders placed and revenues recognized, with higher levels of spending for customer care during periods in which our revenues are higher. Costs of services, including government filing fees, printing and shipping, credit and debit card fees and sales and use taxes, tend to be variable costs and are generally aligned with the number of orders placed. We use temporary personnel and outsourced independent contractors to provide flexibility in hiring and to manage costs. The fourth quarter cost of services as a percent of revenue tends to increase slightly over the third quarter due to increased full-time and temporary customer care and fulfillment personnel hired 45 to 60 days prior to the anticipated seasonally higher volumes in the first quarter in order to allow for appropriate training and development of such personnel. We expect the trend of hiring new customer care representatives and fulfillment personnel 45 to 60 days before the calendar year-end to continue.
Media spend is generally at its highest in the first quarter and in line with the seasonal first quarter increase in the number of orders placed. Media spend generally reaches its second highest level of spend in the third quarter. Fourth quarter media spend is generally the lowest for the year in line with our expectations of a lower number of orders placed at that time.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of December 31, 2011, we had cash of $27.1 million, which consisted entirely of cash on deposit with banks. Other than $8.1 million of outside capital and cash provided by exercises of stock options, we have funded our operations and capital expenditures since inception from cash flows provided by operating activities.
We expect cash provided by operating activities to be our primary source of funds in future periods and to be driven by our anticipated growth in our transaction and subscription revenues, partially offset by increases in working capital requirements and capital expenditures associated with scaling our operations, technology and infrastructure to support our growth and cash payments made for legal settlements. We expect to make capital expenditures of approximately $5.0 million in 2012. Our future capital requirements may vary from those now planned and will depend on many factors, including:
47
Based on our current level of operations and anticipated growth, we believe that our existing cash, together with cash provided by operating activities and the proceeds from this offering, will be sufficient to fund our operations and capital expenditures for at least the next 12 months. We may supplement our liquidity needs with borrowings under our $10 million revolving line of credit facility, if available. See "Line of Credit Facility."
|
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2009 | 2010 | 2011 | |||||||
|
(in thousands) |
|||||||||
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows Data: |
||||||||||
Net cash provided by operating activities |
$ | 14,679 | $ | 1,488 | $ | 13,722 | ||||
Net cash used in investing activities |
(4,484 | ) | (4,673 | ) | (6,060 | ) | ||||
Net cash provided by financing activities |
247 | 3,386 | 277 |
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities in 2011 resulted primarily from net income of $12.1 million and a net decrease in our operating assets and liabilities of $2.9 million, offset in part by non-cash items of $1.3 million. The net decrease in operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to an increase in accrued expenses and other current liabilities of $4.3 million primarily attributable to accrued incentive bonuses, partially offset by an increase in accounts receivable of $1.4 million primarily attributable to our customers selecting the three-pay plan, which allows them to pay for an order in three equal payments. Non-cash items in 2011 included a $6.9 million income tax benefit on the release of the valuation allowance related to our deferred tax assets, offset in part by non-cash expenses, including depreciation, amortization and disposals totaling $4.7 million and stock-based compensation of approximately $1.0 million.
Net cash provided by operating activities in 2010 resulted from our net loss of $4.0 million adjusted for non-cash expenses of $5.2 million and a net decrease in our operating assets and liabilities of $0.3 million. Our net loss and the net decrease in operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to the accrual of $5.4 million for the legal settlements described in "Critical Accounting PoliciesLoss Contingencies" and Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. Non-cash expenses in 2010 were comprised primarily of depreciation, amortization and a loss on disposal of property and equipment totaling $3.8 million and stock-based compensation of $1.3 million.
Net cash provided by operating activities in 2009 resulted from a net decrease in our operating assets and liabilities of $11.2 million and our net loss of $0.6 million, adjusted for non-cash expenses of $4.1 million. The net decrease in operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to an increase in deferred revenues and accrued expenses and other current liabilities. Deferred revenues increased primarily as a result of the growth in the number of orders placed and mix of services, as well as the timing of the completion of those services. The increase in accrued expenses and other current liabilities was primarily due to an increase in payroll and related costs with increased headcount and related compensation. Non-cash expenses in 2009 were comprised primarily of depreciation, amortization and loss on disposal of property and equipment totaling $3.0 million and stock-based compensation of $1.1 million.
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities in 2011 primarily resulted from continued investment in internally developed capitalized software and the purchase of property and equipment, including approximately $2.5 million for data center server and computer equipment upgrades to support our operations and online legal platform, offset in part by a decrease in restricted cash held by a financial institution for banking and credit card merchant services.
Net cash used in investing activities in 2010 primarily resulted from the continued investment in internally developed capitalized software and the purchase of property and equipment to build out our
48
facilities in Glendale, California and Austin, Texas, offset in part by proceeds received for disposal of property and equipment.
Net cash used in investing activities in 2009 primarily resulted from the purchase of property and equipment and investment in internally developed capitalized software associated with the development of a new order management system together with an increase in restricted cash held by a financial institution for banking and credit card merchant services.
Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities in 2011 resulted primarily from the payment of capital lease obligations, largely offset by proceeds from exercises of stock options and excess windfall tax benefits related to stock-based compensation.
Net cash provided by financing activities in 2010 resulted primarily from proceeds from exercises of stock options and repayment of notes receivable from stockholders.
Net cash provided by financing activities in 2009 primarily resulted from proceeds from exercises of stock options.
Line of Credit Facility
On October 31, 2008, we entered into a revolving line of credit facility with Comerica Bank, which was amended on October 29, 2010 that allows us to borrow up to $10 million for up to 180 days from the date of borrowing. We are obligated to pay an unused line fee equal to 0.20% per annum of the average unused portion of the line of credit, payable in quarterly installments on the last day of each quarter. Borrowings under the under the line of credit bear interest at the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) or prime rate, which we can select at the time of borrowing, plus an applicable margin, and are collateralized by substantially all of our assets. The line of credit expires on October 31, 2012 and limits our ability to declare and pay dividends and to incur additional credit obligations or indebtedness. The line of credit requires immediate repayment of amounts outstanding upon an event of default, as defined in the agreement, which includes events such as a payment default, a covenant detail or the occurrence of a material adverse change. At December 31, 2010 and 2011, we had no amounts outstanding or any letters of credit backed by the line of credit.
Contractual Obligations
The following table sets forth our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2011:
|
|
Payment due by Period | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Total | Less than 1 year |
1 - 3 years | 4 - 5 years | More than 5 years |
|||||||||||
|
(in thousands) |
|||||||||||||||
Operating lease commitments |
$ | 17,256 | $ | 2,572 | $ | 6,108 | $ | 1,828 | $ | 6,748 | ||||||
Purchase commitments |
19,559 | 18,380 | 1,179 | | | |||||||||||
Capital lease obligations |
205 | 205 | | | | |||||||||||
Total |
$ | 37,020 | $ | 21,157 | $ | 7,287 | $ | 1,828 | $ | 6,748 | ||||||
Operating lease commitments primarily relate to minimum lease payments under the operating leases we entered into for facility space in Glendale, California, Austin, Texas and San Francisco, California. Purchase commitments relate primarily to minimum purchase commitments for advertising and media. As of December 31, 2011, we did not have any debt. We believe our current cash and cash equivalents, as well as cash expected to be generated by future operating activities, will be sufficient to meet our contractual obligations for the next twelve months.
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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not have any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities that would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. As such, we are not exposed to any financing, liquidity, market or credit risk that could arise if we had engaged in those types of relationships. We enter into guarantees in the ordinary course of business related to the guarantee of our own performance and the performance of our subsidiaries.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In 2011, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued new accounting guidance that amends some fair value measurement principles and disclosure requirements. The new guidance states that the concepts of highest and best use and valuation premise are only relevant when measuring the fair value of nonfinancial assets and prohibits the grouping of financial instruments for purposes of determining their fair values when the unit of account is specified in other guidance. We will adopt this accounting standard upon its effective date for periods beginning on or after December 15, 2011, and we do not anticipate that this adoption will have a significant impact on our financial position or results of operations.
In 2011, the FASB issued new disclosure guidance related to the presentation of the Statement of Comprehensive Income. This guidance eliminates the current option to report other comprehensive income and its components in the consolidated statement of stockholders' equity. The requirement to present reclassification adjustments out of accumulated other comprehensive income on the face of the consolidated statement of income has been deferred. We will adopt this accounting standard upon its effective date for periods beginning on or after December 15, 2011, and this adoption will not have any impact on our financial position or results of operations but may impact financial statement presentation to the extent that we have other comprehensive income components.
As an emerging growth company under the JOBS Act, we have elected to opt out of the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards pursuant to Section 107(b) of the Act. This election is irrevocable.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in our consolidated financial statements and related notes. Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. We have identified below our critical accounting policies and estimates that we believe require the greatest amount of judgment. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates that are subject to significant judgment including those related to sales allowances and credit reserves, the evaluation of revenue recognition criteria, including the determination of standalone value and estimates of the selling price of deliverables in our revenue arrangements, loss contingencies, valuation allowances and reserves related to income taxes and assumptions underlying stock-based compensation. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates compared to historical experience and trends, which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities. To the extent that there are material differences between our estimates and our actual results, our future financial statement presentation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows will be affected.
We believe the assumptions and estimates associated with the following have the greatest potential impact on our financial statements.
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Revenue Recognition
We recognize revenues when four basic criteria are met: persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; services have been rendered; the fees are fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. We consider persuasive evidence of a sales arrangement to be the customer's placement of the order and acceptance of our terms of service. For arrangements with third-party companies related to other revenues, we ensure a written contract is in place. Our customers generally pay for their orders and subscription services in advance by credit or debit card. The total fees, or the consideration, collected by us for our services include, as applicable, expedited services fees, government filing fees and shipping fees. We record the total consideration initially as deferred revenues that are then recognized as revenues when we meet all of the criteria for revenue recognition. Deferred revenues that we will recognize during the succeeding 12 month period from our balance sheet date is recorded as current deferred revenues, and the remaining portion is recorded as non-current at the balance sheet date. In circumstances where we do not receive the payment in advance, revenues are only recognized if collectability is reasonably assured, assuming we meet all other revenue recognition criteria.
For our legal document preparation services, transaction revenues are recognized when we fulfill the service. For time-based, subscription services, such as legal plans, registered agent services or unlimited access to our forms library, we recognize subscription revenues ratably on a straight-line basis over the subscription term for those services, which ranges from a period of 30 days to two years.
We record transaction revenues net of refunds, cancellations, promotional discounts, sales allowances, credit reserves and the value allocated to bundled free-trials for our subscription services. We record subscription revenues net of promotional discounts, cancellations, sales allowances, credit reserves and payments to legal plan attorneys.
Other revenues are recognized when the related performance based criteria have been met. We assesses whether performance criteria have been met on a cost-per-click or cost-per-action basis and whether the fees are fixed or determinable based on a reconciliation of the performance criteria and the payment terms associated with the transaction. The reconciliation of the performance criteria generally includes a comparison of internally tracked performance data to the contractual performance obligation and, when available, to third-party or affiliate provided performance data. These arrangements do not include multiple deliverables.
A significant number of our arrangements include multiple, bundled deliverables, such as the preparation of legal documents combined with related document revision, document storage, 30-day free trial of our registered agent services or our legal plans. We therefore recognize revenues for these arrangements in accordance with FASB ASC 605-25, Revenue RecognitionMultiple-Element Arrangements ("ASC 605-25"). ASC 605-25 was updated by Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2009-13, Revenue Recognition (Topic 605)Multiple-Deliverable Revenue Arrangementsa Consensus of the Emerging Issues Task Force ("ASU 2009-13").
We elected to early adopt ASU 2009-13 on a prospective basis for all arrangements entered into or materially modified after January 1, 2010.
For multiple deliverable revenue arrangements, we first assesses whether each deliverable has value to our customer on a standalone basis and performance is considered probable and substantially in our control. Our services can be sold both on a standalone basis and as part of multiple deliverable arrangements. Accordingly, substantially all of our services have standalone value to our customer. Based on that standalone value of the deliverables, we allocate our revenues among the separate deliverables in the arrangement, including the bundled free-trials, using the relative selling price method hierarchy established in ASU 2009-13. This hierarchy requires the selling price of each deliverable in a multiple deliverable revenue arrangement to be based on, in descending order: (i) vendor-specific objective
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evidence, or VSOE, (ii) third-party evidence of selling price, or TPE, or (iii) management's best estimated selling price, or BESP.
We establish VSOE for a majority of our services based on the price we charge when the deliverable is sold separately. In determining VSOE, we require that a substantial majority of our selling prices for our services to fall within a reasonably narrow pricing range, and we then establish VSOE based on the mid-point of the range for those services. This requires significant management judgment, including as to how we group similar services, the time period analyzed for assessing transactions, and the volume of similar transactions available to us in the relevant time period.
When we cannot establish VSOE, we apply our judgment with respect to whether we can obtain TPE based on competitor prices for similar deliverables that are sold separately. We believe our strategy differs from that of our peers, and our services contain a significant level of differentiation such that comparable pricing of our services cannot be obtained. Our competitors do not sell services similar to ours on a standalone basis, and we therefore are unable to reliably determine what similar competitor services' selling prices are on a stand-alone basis. As a result, we have been unable to establish selling price based on TPE.
When we cannot establish VSOE or TPE, we apply our judgment to determine BESP. The objective of BESP is to determine the price at which we would transact a sale if the service were sold on a stand-alone basis. The determination of BESP requires us to make significant estimates and judgments and we consider numerous factors in this determination, including the nature of the deliverables, market conditions and our competitive landscape, internal costs and our pricing and discounting practices. Our determination of BESP is made through consultation with and formal approval by our senior management. We update our estimates of both VSOE and BESP on an ongoing basis as events and as circumstances may require. Because we can establish VSOE for substantially all of our services, use of BESP estimate for revenue recognition is limited to document revisions and document storage services.
We are unable to determine VSOE or TPE for document revision and document storage services, which we bundle with certain of our consumer services. Accordingly, as of January 1, 2010, the selling prices of these document revision and document storage services are determined based on BESP, and we recognize revenues from these services based on the relative selling price of the deliverables in the arrangement. Our adoption of ASU 2009-13 resulted in us recognizing $4.7 million of transaction revenues in 2010 that we would not have otherwise recognized during that year.
Prior to January 1, 2010, we considered document revision and document storage services that we bundle with other consumer services to be a single unit of accounting and the total fees received from those arrangements were recognized as transaction revenues ratably on a straight-line basis over the service term. Prior to August 2009, we offered document revision and document storage services with a term of five years and, accordingly, the deferred revenues will be recognized as transaction revenues through August 2014. Beginning in August 2009, we sold these services only on a one year service term. At December 31, 2010 and 2011, our non-current deferred revenues balances of $7.0 million and $3.3 million, respectively, included in our consolidated balance sheets primarily consist of document revision and document storage services.
Sales Allowances
Our revenue arrangements do not include contractual provisions for cancellations or terminations. However, as a business practice we provide a satisfaction guarantee that if our customer is not fully satisfied with the services or support and they notify us within a limited period of time after the purchase, we will attempt to resolve the matter, offer a credit that can be used for future services or provide a refund, excluding third-party fees. Revenues are recognized net of promotional discounts and estimated sales allowances and credit reserves related to credit or debit card chargebacks, sales credits and refunds. For completed services where the customers have elected the three-pay plan, we record a sales allowance for
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estimated charge backs, credits and collection losses for the second and third payment receivable amounts. The sales allowance is recorded against the customers' receivable balance. For completed and paid services, we record a sales and credit reserve based on our estimate of refunds, charge backs or credits. The sales and credit reserves are included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities. The sales allowance and the sales and credit reserves are made at the time of revenue recognition based on our historical experience, activity occurring after the balance sheet date and other factors. We have established a sufficient history of estimating refunds, charge backs, write offs and credits given the large number of our homogeneous transactions and the majority of the our allowances and reserves are known within the time period of our financial reporting cycle. The estimated provision for sales allowances and reserves has varied from actual results within ranges consistent with our expectations. If actual sales allowances, credit reserves and promotional discounts are greater than estimated by us, revenues and operating results would be negatively impacted.
Principal Agent Considerations
We evaluate the criteria as prescribed by FASB ASC 605-45, Principal Agent Considerations, in order to determine whether we can recognize revenues gross as a principal or net as an agent. We record revenues on a gross basis when we are the primary obligor in the arrangement and therefore principally responsible for the fulfillment of the services. We are the primary obligor in substantially all of our legal document preparation and registered agent services. The determination of whether we are the principal or agent requires us to evaluate a number of indicators including which party, as applicable, in the arrangement:
When forming our conclusion on whether we are the principal or agent in an arrangement and whether to present revenues gross or net, we weight the above factors, and places more weight on the first factor, or primary obligor, followed by whether we have latitude in establishing the sales price and whether we perform part of the service.
In arrangements in which we are the primary obligor and the indicators are weighted towards us acting as a principal, we record as revenues the amounts we have billed to our customer, and we record the related costs we have incurred in fulfilling our services. We are the primary obligor in substantially all of our legal document preparation and registered agent services.
In arrangements in which we are not the primary obligor and the indicators are more weighted towards us acting as the agent in the arrangement, we record revenues on a net basis, which is equal to the amount billed to our customer, net of the fee payable to the primary obligor, which is another third party that is primarily responsible for performing the services for the customer. Because we are not a law firm and cannot provide legal advice, the participating independent law firms in our legal plans have the primary service obligation to provide attorney consultations to our customers, for which we pay the law firms a monthly fee. Therefore, we recognize revenues net as an agent for subscriptions to our legal plans. We also recognized revenues net as an agent for registered agent services in 43 states prior to March 2010. Before March 2010, we contracted with third-party service providers to perform substantially all registered agent services on our behalf and accordingly, we recorded the amount received from the customer net of the fee payable to the service provider.
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Loss Contingencies
We record loss contingencies in our consolidated financial statements in the period when they are probable and reasonably estimable. If the amount is probable and we are able to reasonably estimate a range of loss, we accrue the amount that is the best estimate within that range, and if no amount is better than any other in the range, we record the amount at the low end in the range. We disclose those contingencies that we believe are at least reasonably possible but not probable regardless of whether they are reasonably estimable. We currently do not have any loss contingencies that are probable but not estimable. The likelihood of our contingencies is determined using a number of factors including nature of the matter, advice of our internal and external counsel, previous experience and historical and relevant information available to us. As discussed in Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus, we have agreed to settlements with respect to two matters with a maximum possible aggregate loss of approximately $16 million. We have reasonably estimated the collective range of aggregate probable losses for these matters to be between $5.4 million and $7 million and, in accordance with GAAP, have accrued $5.4 million, the low end of the range. The ultimate resolution of these matters could result in an estimated loss of up to $1.6 million in excess of the amounts accrued based on the range of reasonably estimated probable losses. The range of loss has been estimated based on an analysis of numerous factors including possible claim amounts within the class, whether the claim amounts are payable in-kind or in cash, the date when the services subject to the class were sold, comparable, class action settlement and redemption rate statistics and experience available from other companies for similar types of settlements, and the claims rates to date. The determination of the probability of loss and the range of loss requires significant judgment.
The ultimate cost of these two pending settlements are dependent on a number of factors, including the resolution of any appeals of the approved settlements, and actual claims made by, and the resulting payments to, the class members. If the actual payments for the settlements are higher than the amount estimated by us, this difference could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition. We will recognize any difference between the amount accrued and the ultimate cost of the settlements as an additional expense or reversal of amount already accrued in the period in which the final settlement is approved and the claims made by the plaintiffs are finalized.
As discussed in Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus, we are subject to additional pending matters for which we believe that we have meritorious defenses to the claims and intend to defend against vigorously. The plaintiffs have yet to state any dollar amounts being sought associated with these matters and we have denied and continue to deny all of the allegations and claims asserted in the lawsuits. Accordingly, we are unable to predict the ultimate outcome of these matters and have not recorded any losses in our consolidated financial statements as the amount of losses, if any, associated with these matters are not probable and estimable. If these matters are not resolved in our favor, the potential losses arising from results of litigation or settlements may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.
Income Taxes
We use the liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under the liability method, we determine our deferred tax assets and liabilities based on differences between our financial reporting and tax bases of our assets and liabilities, and measure them using enacted tax rates and laws that are expected to be in effect based on when we expect these differences to reverse. We must also make judgments in evaluating whether deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income. To the extent that we believe that recovery is not likely, we establish a valuation allowance. The carrying value of our net deferred tax assets is based on whether it is more likely than not that we will generate sufficient future taxable income to realize these deferred tax assets. We record a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that some or all of our net deferred tax assets will not be realized. Our judgments regarding future taxable income may change over time due to changes in market conditions, changes in tax laws, tax planning
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strategies or other factors. If our assumptions and consequently our estimates change in the future, our valuation allowance established may be increased or decreased, resulting in a material respective increase or decrease in income tax provision (benefit) and related impact on our reported net income (loss).
In determining the need for a valuation allowance, we review all available evidence pursuant to the requirements of ASC 740, Income Taxes. The determination of recording or releasing tax valuation allowances is made, in part, pursuant to an assessment performed by us regarding the likelihood that we will generate sufficient future taxable income against which benefits of the deferred tax assets may or may not be realized. This assessment requires us to exercise significant judgment and make estimates with respect to our ability to generate revenues, operating income and taxable income in future periods. Amongst other factors, we must make assumptions regarding overall current and projected business and legal document and ancillary services' industry conditions, operating efficiencies, our ability to timely and effectively adapt to technological change, fully and successfully resolve outstanding legal matters, and the competitive environment which may impact our ability to generate taxable income and, in turn, realize the value of the deferred tax assets. Significant cumulative operating losses in 2010 and prior years and economic uncertainties in the market made our ability to project future taxable income uncertain and volatile at December 31, 2010. Based upon our assessment of all available evidence, including our history of cumulative losses, we concluded as of December 31, 2010, that it was not more likely than not that our net deferred tax assets would be realized, and therefore we had a full valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets.
In 2011, we became profitable due to the significant increase in our revenues as we experienced an increase in demand for our services. As a result, we were able to utilize a substantial amount of our federal net operating loss carryforwards. The majority of our year ended December 31, 2011 income from operations was earned in the second half of the year resulting in our achievement of three-year cumulative income before income taxes by the fourth quarter of 2011. Accordingly, during the fourth quarter of 2011, we released our valuation allowance against deferred tax assets based on the weight of positive evidence that existed at December 31, 2011, except for the allowance of $0.4 million relating to our deferred tax asset for a capital loss carryforward which we expected to expire unused. Based upon the current trend of our operating results and forecasts, we believe that it is more likely than not that we will recognize the benefits of our deferred tax assets.
We adopted the provisions of FASBs guidance on Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes on January 1, 2007. This guidance clarifies the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in an enterprise's financial statements and prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement process for the accounting of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. We consider many factors when evaluating and estimating our tax positions and tax benefits, which may require periodic adjustments and which may not accurately forecast actual outcomes. We recognize interest and penalties accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense (benefit) in the accompanying statements of operations. We do not have significant uncertain tax positions.
Stock-based Compensation
We recognize compensation expense related to our employee option grants in accordance with FASB ASC 718, CompensationStock Compensation ("ASC 718"). We estimate the fair value of employee share-based payment awards on the grant-date. We use the Black-Scholes option pricing model for estimating the fair value of our options granted under our stock option plans. We have elected to treat share-based payment awards with graded vesting schedules and time-based service conditions as a single award and recognize stock-based compensation on a straight-line basis, net of estimated forfeitures, over the requisite service period. As our stock-based compensation expense recognized is based on our awards that are ultimately expected to vest, the amount has been reduced by our estimated forfeitures. ASC 718 requires us to estimate forfeitures at the time of the grant and revise, if necessary, in subsequent periods if our
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actual forfeitures differ from our estimates. We estimated forfeitures based on our historical experience and future expectations.
We recognize compensation expense for non-employee stock-based awards in accordance with ASC 718 and FASB ASC 505-50, Equity Based Payments to Non-Employees ("ASC 505-50"). We account for stock option awards issued to non-employees at fair value using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. We believe that the fair value of the stock options is more reliably measured than the fair value of services received and record compensation expense based on the then-current fair values of the stock options at each financial reporting date. We adjust compensation recorded during the service period in subsequent periods for changes in the stock options' fair value until the earlier of the date at which the non-employee's performance is complete or a performance commitment is reached, which is generally when the stock option award vests.
The Black-Scholes option pricing model requires us to make certain assumptions, including the fair value of our underlying common stock, the expected term, the expected volatility, the risk-free interest rate and the dividend yield.
The assumptions that we used to calculate the grant date fair value of our employee and non-employee stock option grants for the years indicated:
|
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2009 | 2010 | 2011 | |||||||
Risk-free interest rate |
2.34% | 2.35% | 1.25% | |||||||
Expected life (years) |
5.95 | 5.90 | 6.10 | |||||||
Dividend yield |
0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | |||||||
Volatility |
50% | 45% | 42% |
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Common Stock Valuations
We have regularly conducted contemporaneous valuations to assist us in the determination of the fair value of our common stock for each stock option grant. The fair value per common share underlying our stock option grants was determined by our board of directors with input from management at each grant date. The valuation of our common stock was performed in accordance with the guidelines outlined in the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Practice Aid, Valuation of Privately-Held-Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation. The assumptions we use in the valuation model are based on future expectations combined with management judgement. In the absence of a public trading market for our common stock, our board of directors with input from management reviewed and discussed a variety of objective and subjective factors when exercising its judgment in determining the deemed fair value of our common stock. These factors generally include the following:
We utilize the probability-weighted expected return model, or PWERM, to allocate value to our common shares. The PWERM determines the fair value of our common stock depending on the likelihood of various liquidy scenarios. We then determine the appropriate allocation of value to the common stockholders under each liquidity scenario based on the rights and preferences of our Series A and common stock at that time. The resulting value of common stock under each scenario is multiplied by a present value factor, calculated based on our cost of equity and the expected timing of the event. The value of common stock is then multiplied by an estimated probability for each of the expected events determined by our management. We then calculate the probability-weighted value per share of common stock and apply a lack of marketability discount.
Under the PWERM, the value of our common stock is based upon four possible future events for our company: initial public offering, sale, staying private and dissolution. We use the market approach for determining the fair value of our common stock under the IPO, sale and staying private scenarios. The market approach measures the value of a business through an analysis of similar publicly-traded entities. In applying the market approach, valuation multiples are determined for selected comparable companies and are then evaluated based on the strengths and weaknesses of our company relative to the comparable entities. We then apply these market multiples to our operating data to arrive at a value indication. Under the dissolution scenario, we assumed no value remained to be allocated to our common shareholders.
We also utilize the income approach to test the reasonableness of the results of the application of the PWERM. The income approach estimates value based on the expectation of future net cash flows that
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were then discounted back to the present using a rate of return available from alternative companies of similar type and risk.
We determine the exercise price of our option grants based on the fair value of our common stock as of the immediately preceding valuation, unless circumstances warrant obtaining a more current valuation, including any material changes in our business or events, size of the award and the proximity of the grant to the preceding valuation. The following table summarizes options we granted in 2011 and the first quarter of 2012 based on the immediately preceding valuation:
Date
|
Number of Shares (in thousands) |
Exercise Price and Fair Value Per Share of Common Stock |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
September 29, 2011 |
805 | $ | 5.47 | ||||
December 20, 2011 |
77 | $ | 5.48 | ||||
January 31, 2012 |
85 | $ | 5.74 | ||||
March 31, 2012 |
420 | $ | 7.06 |
Based upon an assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, which is the mid-point of the range set forth on the cover of this prospectus, the aggregate intrinsic value of outstanding stock options as of December 31, 2011 was $ million, of which $ million related to vested options and $ million related to unvested options.
The most significant factors considered by our board of directors in determining the fair value of our common stock each quarter were as follows:
Second Quarter 2011
Our board of directors determined the fair value of our common stock was $5.47 per share as of June 30, 2011. Our board of directors took into consideration the February 2011 purchases by third parties of our common stock from our existing stockholders at an imputed purchase price of $4.97 per share. We obtained a contemporaneous third-party valuation that used PWERM to assist our board of directors in determining the fair value of our common stock. Our board of directors also considered events and changes from the previous valuation, including our business growth, and positive outlook and favorable market conditions, including various other Internet companies recently completing initial public offerings. Significant estimates and assumptions were as follows:
Third Quarter 2011
Our board of directors determined the fair value of our common stock was $5.48 per share as of September 30, 2011. We obtained a contemporaneous third-party valuation that used PWERM to assist our board of directors in determining the fair value of our common stock. Our board of directors also considered other factors including our growth in revenues and profitability, as well as the volatile condition
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of the financial markets as a result of global financial uncertainties and a weakening in the environment for initial public offerings. Significant estimates and assumptions were as follows:
Fourth Quarter 2011
Our board of directors determined the fair value of our common stock was $5.74 per share as of December 31, 2011, resulting in an increase of $0.26 per share or an increase of 5% over the September 2011 valuation. We obtained a contemporaneous third-party valuation that used PWERM to assist our board of directors in determining the fair value of our common stock. Our board of directors also considered other factors including our business growth and stronger than forecasted fourth quarter results, positive outlook and improved financial market conditions in general. Significant estimates and assumptions were as follows:
First Quarter 2012
Our board of directors determined the fair value of our common stock was $7.06 per share as of February 29, 2012, resulting in an increase of $1.32 per share or an increase of 23% over the December 2011 valuation. We obtained a contemporaneous third-party valuation that used PWERM to assist our board of directors in determining the fair value of our common stock. Our board of directors also considered other factors including:
Significant estimates and assumptions were as follows:
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for an initial public offering; 8% sale or merger probability; and remaining a private company or dissolution was deemed unlikely and assigned a 1% probability.
Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Interest Rate Fluctuation Risk
Our cash is comprised entirely of cash on deposit with banks. We do not have any long-term borrowings. The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve principal while maximizing income without significantly increasing risk. Because our cash is entirely in bank deposits, our portfolio's fair value is insensitive to interest rate changes. We determined that the increase in yield from potentially investing our cash in longer-term investments did not warrant a change in our investment strategy. In future periods, we will continue to evaluate our investment policy in order to ensure that we continue to meet our overall objectives.
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
Our sales transactions to date have been primarily denominated in U.S. dollars and therefore substantially all of our revenues are not subject to foreign currency risk.
Inflation Risk
We do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. If our costs were to become subject to significant inflationary pressures, we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs through price increases. Our inability or failure to do so could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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We believe that everyone deserves access to quality legal services so they can benefit from the full protection of the law. Our mission is to be the trusted destination where small businesses and consumers address their important legal needs and to be our customers' legal partner for life.
Overview
LegalZoom is the leading online provider of services that meet the legal needs of small businesses and consumers in the United States. We believe that we are transforming the small business and consumer legal services market by leveraging the power of technology and people. Our online legal platform enables us to deliver services at scale with a compelling combination of quality, customer care and value. Our services include a portfolio of interactive legal documents that are personalized by our customers through our dynamic online processes, as well as subscription legal plans and registered agent services.
We developed our easy-to-use, online legal platform to make the law more accessible to small businesses and consumers. Our scalable technology platform enables the efficient creation of personalized legal documents, automates our supply chain and fulfillment workflow management, and provides customer analytics to help us improve our services. For small businesses and consumers who want legal advice, we offer subscription legal plans that connect our customers with experienced attorneys who participate in our legal plan network.
We have served approximately two million customers over the last 10 years. In 2011, nine out of ten of our surveyed customers said they would recommend LegalZoom to their friends and family, our customers placed approximately 490,000 orders and more than 20 percent of new California limited liability companies were formed using our online legal platform. We believe the volume of transactions processed through our online legal platform creates a scale advantage that deepens our knowledge and enables us to improve the quality and depth of the services we provide to our customers.
The Small Business and Consumer Legal Services Market
The Law Provides Numerous Benefits and Protections
The law provides numerous benefits and protections to businesses and consumers. Businesses use patents and trademarks to protect their intellectual property and help them achieve the full potential of their ideas and innovations. Entrepreneurs incorporate their businesses to shield personal assets, limit liabilities and help raise capital. Consumers use wills, trusts and other estate planning tools to ensure their assets are distributed according to their wishes, to minimize tax liabilities and to avoid or limit probate process and expenses. The law also provides a framework for resolving disputes and navigating life's challenges, including bankruptcy and divorce.
Significant Legal Services Market for Small Businesses and Consumers
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2009, there were approximately 26 million small businesses with fewer than ten employees. We estimate that in 2010, approximately two million new businesses were formed in the United States. According to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, legal services in the United States in 2010 represented a $266 billion market. We estimate that in 2011 approximately $97 billion of legal services were provided to small businesses and consumers, based on a study conducted on our behalf by L.E.K. Consulting LLC.
Small Businesses and Consumers Have Many Unmet Legal Needs
Despite the enormous amount spent on legal services, we believe that small businesses and consumers have not been adequately served by the options traditionally available to them. Every year, small businesses enter into legal contracts and become entangled in disputes, many of which require legal services to address. Consumers experience important life events that affect their families, including the
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birth of a child, marriage, divorce and death, all of which can also give rise to diverse needs for legal services.
Making the right choices with respect to legal matters can be difficult, especially for those with limited time and resources. The U.S. legal system consists of overlapping jurisdictions at the city, county, state and federal levels, each of which has its own evolving laws and regulations. Businesses may be subject to additional laws, regulations and legal issues applying specifically to the industries in which they operate. In addition, the policies and procedures associated with the creation, filing and certification of legal documents are often arcane and confusing.
When in need of legal help, small businesses and consumers lack an efficient and reliable way to find high quality, trustworthy attorneys with the appropriate experience to navigate this complex legal system and handle their specific needs. Small businesses and consumers often do not understand their legal needs or know where to start looking for an attorney. Some are wary of attorneys in general, and others may have heard from friends or family about negative experiences with attorneys or the legal system.
The high and unpredictable cost of traditional legal services also presents challenges for many small businesses and consumers. In 2011, the average billing rate for small and midsize law firms was $318 per hour, according to ALM's 2012 Survey of Billing and Practices for Small and Midsize Law Firms. Attorneys are frequently unable to predict the time required to address a client's legal matter, sometimes billing thousands of dollars to research a legal issue they have not previously encountered. This can be particularly true of generalist attorneys that offer many disparate legal services to members of their local communities. Unlike attorneys at large global law firms or specialty boutiques who handle high volumes of similar matters and develop expertise in specific domains, generalists can find it difficult to efficiently address a client's particular legal issue due to their lack of specialized expertise. Due to the high and unpredictable costs of traditional legal services, many small businesses and consumers limit their use of attorneys and instead often attempt to resolve legal issues without assistance.
As a result of these factors, many small businesses and consumers often are unsure of or dissatisfied with the legal services available to them, and many either elect not to seek help or take no action to address their important legal needs.
Most Online Legal Services Fail to Address the Needs of Small Businesses and Consumers
The use of technology and the Internet to address the inefficiencies in the small business and consumer legal services market has been limited to date. Available online services include distribution of standardized legal forms that are generally incapable of meeting the specific needs of a particular small business or consumer. Many legal form distributors do not provide tools for customers to make informed decisions or connect with experienced attorneys. While many solo attorneys and small law firms maintain their own websites, and other websites aggregate attorney listings or feature attorney advertisements, these attorney and firm websites, online directories, and online advertisements generally do little to assure that small businesses and consumers receive the quality, customer care and value they deserve.
Our Opportunity
We founded LegalZoom with a vision of combining the power of online technology with deep legal experience to create a scalable online legal platform that would fundamentally transform the way legal services are delivered to small businesses and consumers. We believe we are uniquely positioned to continue transforming the small business and consumer legal services market through the use of technology. Furthermore, there is a significant opportunity to expand the legal services market by making
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the benefits and protection of the law more accessible to small businesses and consumers. We are taking advantage of this opportunity by providing the following benefits to our customers:
Our Strengths
Our key strengths include:
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ratings, comparable to Amazon.com, the highest rated Internet company with a score of 76%, and Apple, the highest rated hardware company with a score of 71%, according to the Satmetrix 2012 Net Promoter Benchmark Study. NPS is a commonly used metric to gauge customer satisfaction and is calculated based on customer responses to the question, "How likely are you to recommend a particular service or company to your friends or family?" The percentage of "detractors," or customers who respond with a rating of 6 or less, is subtracted from the percentage of "promoters," or customers who respond with a 9 or 10, to yield NPS. Attorneys in our legal plan network have NPS averaging 65%, based on our survey of customers who have used our legal plan. This is more than ten times higher than attorneys outside our legal plan network, who yielded NPS averaging 4%, according to surveys we conducted through United Sample, Inc. in January and April 2012. If a customer is not completely satisfied with our services for any reason, we will attempt to correct the situation, or provide a refund or credit.
Our Strategy
The key elements of our strategy include:
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Our Services
Through our online legal platform, we offer a variety of services to meet the specific needs of small businesses and consumers. We have built our services seeking to be each customer's legal partner for life.
Interactive Legal Documents
We offer a broad portfolio of interactive legal documents that our customers can tailor to their specific needs through our dynamic online processes and scalable technology. Our interactive legal documents are designed for use, as appropriate, at the federal level as well as in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and approximately 2,900 U.S. counties. Our interactive legal documents are created by our customers via an easy three-step process. First, our customers complete an online questionnaire that uses conditional, rules-based logic to personalize questions based on earlier responses. Customer responses to the questionnaires often prompt our systems to automatically offer additional complementary services to our customers, such as Employer Indentification Number obtainment and registered agent services for our small business customers. Second, we check customer responses for spelling, grammar and completeness. After our review is completed, our proprietary LegalZip software generates a final document tailored, as applicable, to the appropriate federal, state, or local jurisdiction. Last, we complete the services by printing and shipping the final document and further instructions to our customer. If applicable, we also handle any filing of the customer's completed documents with the appropriate government agency. Our system automatically notifies customers of the status of their order as the documents progress through the workflow cycle, including confirmation of filing with government agencies.
Our primary interactive legal document services include the following:
Small Business Services | Consumer Services | |
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LLC Formation | Last Will and Testament | |
Incorporation | Power of Attorney | |
Trademark | Living Will | |
DBA/Fictitious Business Name | Living Trust | |
Copyright | Uncontested Divorce | |
Non-Profit Corporation | Name Change | |
Provisional Application for Patent |
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Subscription Legal Plans
For small businesses and consumers who want legal advice, we offer legal plans that connect subscribers with experienced attorneys licensed in their jurisdiction to address their specific legal needs. Most of the attorneys who participate in our legal plan network practice at small law firms. We pay the participating independent law firms in our legal plan network a monthly fee per paid customer subscription to provide attorney consultations to our customers. We typically enter into one-year contractual agreements with law firms participating in our legal plan network, with the option to renew for successive one-year periods. In order to be considered for participation in our legal plan network, independent attorneys must satisfy certain quality standards established by us and be highly focused on customer care. We regularly assess our customers' satisfaction with the attorneys who participate in our legal plan network and remove attorneys that fail to satisfy our customers. Our small business and consumer subscription legal plans are currently available in 40 states and the District of Columbia.
Subscription to a legal plan provides the following benefits to our customers:
Our small business legal plans are currently priced at $29.99 per month and our consumer legal plans are currently priced at $14.99 per month.
Subscription Registered Agent Services
Business entities are often required by state law to appoint and maintain a registered agent in their state of formation to receive service of process and official government communications. For our business formation customers, we offer subscriptions currently priced at $159 per year.
Other Services
We offer other services to our customers, including unlimited access to our forms library, electronic storage of applicable LegalZoom documents and document revisions. We also introduce our customers to relevant services and products through our relationships with leading credit card companies, commercial banks and other companies serving our customer base.
Our Technology
We have developed technology that enables us to efficiently process thousands of daily orders, as well as facilitate interactions between our customers and the attorneys who participate in our legal plan network.
The key components of our technology include:
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We devote a substantial portion of our resources to developing new technologies and features and improving our technologies. As of December 31, 2011, we employed approximately 60 engineers, developers, project managers and support technicians who focus on the design and development of new features and products, as well as the development and maintenance of our websites, network infrastructure and internal operations systems. Additionally, we engage with third parties for additional development support as needed.
Customer Care
Customer care is central to our culture and we are highly focused on providing exceptional customer experiences. All of our employees are trained to focus on our customers and deliver quality customer service. Our customers have access to live customer care representatives and subscribers to legal plans may consult an experienced attorney. As of December 31, 2011, we had 98 customer care representatives located in the United States and 60 attorneys who participate in our legal plan network. As part of our customer relationship management, our customer care representatives proactively contact our customers by phone and email to resolve any issues that may arise during the order fulfillment process as soon as possible in order to timely fulfill an order. Customer satisfaction is a key component of our value proposition. We offer our customers a satisfaction guarantee for our interactive legal document services. If a customer is not completely satisfied with our services for any reason, we will attempt to correct the situation, or provide a refund or credit. We actively monitor our service levels, fulfillment speed and quality to maintain the highest level of customer care, including the NPS scores of our services and of attorneys who participate in our legal plan network.
Sales and Marketing
Our key marketing efforts include:
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return on investment to optimize our customer acquisition and marketing initiatives. We have a long history of advertising on television and radio to drive traffic and enhance customer acquisition. For television, we plan our campaigns at the network, creative and programming level by analyzing data from our past campaigns. For radio, we have successfully used exclusive radio endorsements featuring prominent radio personalities. In addition, we use remarketing efforts such as online retargeting and shopping cart abandonment e-mail campaigns. All of our marketing leverages the brand we have developed from customer referrals and our public relations efforts.
Research and Development
We are making substantial investments in research and development to increase innovation and develop new services to meet our customers' legal needs. Our research and development efforts are focused on enhancing our existing services, accessing new markets and developing new services. In 2011, we opened a research and development center in San Francisco that has enhanced our ability to focus on developing new services. Our research and development team works closely with both our marketing and technology teams to evaluate and react to customer demand.
Competition
We face intense competition from law firms and solo attorneys, legal document providers (including online providers) and national legal plan providers. We expect such competition to continue to increase. In addition, the competitive landscape can shift rapidly as new companies enter markets in which we compete and existing companies broaden their offerings. This is particularly true for online services, where barriers to entry are lower.
Our primary competition comes from small law firms and solo attorneys. Many of our customers have in the past used law firms or solo attorneys to address their legal needs. Attorneys are generally able to provide direct legal advice that we cannot offer due to regulations regarding the unauthorized practice of law, and firms may develop a competing online legal service division. Our primary online competitors for our interactive legal documents services include BizFilings, RocketLawyer, and The Company Corporation. We compete in the registered agent services business primarily with CT Corporation and Corporation Services Company. Our primary competitors for our legal plans include Hyatt Legal Plans (a MetLife company), ARAG and LegalShield. Hyatt Legal Plans and ARAG primarily focus their marketing to larger employer groups, while LegalShield primarily focuses its marketing to individuals.
We believe competitive factors for our services include ease of use, breadth of offerings, brand name recognition, reputation, price, quality and customer service. To attract customers, some online competitors are offering free or low-priced entry-level services that may affect our pricing strategy.
Intellectual Property
Our success depends on our proprietary technology. We protect this proprietary technology by relying on a variety of intellectual property mechanisms including copyright, trade secret and trademark laws, and restrictions on disclosure and other methods. For example, we frequently file applications for copyrights, trademarks and service marks in order to protect our intellectual property. As of March 31, 2012, we have
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registered 12 trademarks in the United States including LegalZoom, LegalZoom.com, LegalZip, CreatingWill.com and ProxiLaw, and 27 trademarks in 42 foreign countries. We have no issued patents or pending patent applications. We also license intellectual property from third parties, such as software used to support our technology and operations.
Government Regulations
Our business and the services we provide subject us to complex and evolving U.S. and foreign laws and regulations regarding UPL, legal document processing and preparation, legal plans, privacy and other matters. We do not purport to be a law firm and we do not engage in the practice of law, whether authorized or not. We provide self-help at our customers' specific direction and general information on legal issues generally encountered. Licensed attorneys provide services to our customers through our legal plans, and we rely on third parties to provide certain of our other services.
Our business involves providing services that meet the legal needs of our customers and, as a result, is subject to a variety of complex and evolving U.S. and foreign laws and regulations, including the following:
Additionally, we are required to comply with laws and regulations related to privacy and the storing, use, processing, disclosure and protection of personal information and other customer data.
Our business operations also subject us to laws and regulations relating to general business practices and the manner in which we offer our services to customers subjects us to various consumer laws and regulations, including false advertising and deceptive trade practices.
The scope of these laws and regulations are often vague and broad, and their applications and interpretations are often uncertain and conflicting. Compliance with these disparate laws and regulations requires us to structure our business and services differently in certain jurisdictions. Any failure or perceived failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations, or if our services are considered to constitute UPL, could cause us to modify or discontinue some of our services or incur significant expenses.
In addition, any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with applicable laws and regulations may subject us to regulatory inquiries, claims, suits and prosecutions. We have been subject to, and currently are subject to, litigation and regulatory inquiries relating to UPL. We expect to continue to be subject to such litigation and regulatory inquiries, as well as potential investigations from other regulatory agencies as our business expands into new jurisdictions and we introduce new services.
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Employees
As of December 31, 2011, we had 457 full-time and part-time employees and 60 temporary workers, all of whom are located in the United States. We do not currently have any collective bargaining agreements with our employees and we believe employee relations are generally good.
Property and Facilities
Our corporate headquarters and principal operations are located in Glendale, California, where we lease and occupy approximately 49,000 square feet. The term of our lease expires in 2021.
We also have additional facilities in Glendale, California, where we lease and occupy approximately 6,000 square feet, Austin, Texas, where we lease and occupy approximately 59,000 square feet, and San Francisco, California, where we lease and occupy approximately 6,000 square feet. The terms of these leases expire in 2016, 2013 and 2016, respectively.
We believe that our facilities are adequate for our needs, and that additional space will be available to us on commercially reasonable terms for the foreseeable future.
Legal Proceedings
On September 15, 2009 and May 27, 2010, class action lawsuits were filed against us in California state court alleging, primarily, that we failed to comply with the California Legal Document Assistant Act, engaged in unfair business practices and made misrepresentations in our business operations. The September 15, 2009 case was brought by Charles Drozdyk. Plaintiff filed an amended complaint on February 14, 2011, principally replacing Drozdyk with a new plaintiff, Randall Whiting. The May 27, 2010 case was brought by Kathryn Webster, as executor of the Estate of Anthony Ferrantino. Between the cases, plaintiffs sought to have all contracts between LegalZoom and its customers for the prior four years declared void, a return of all revenues generated from these customers, punitive damages, penalties, and injunctive relief. While we have denied and continue to deny all of the allegations and claims asserted in these lawsuits, without admitting liability, and to avoid additional legal costs to defend these matters, we signed a settlement agreement of the May 27, 2010 action to resolve the claims in both cases. A fairness hearing was held on April 5, 2012. The court issued an Order Granting Final Approval of Class Action Settlement and Judgment on April 18, 2012. Objector Whiting has filed a notice of appeal of the court's denial of his motion to intervene. Objector Mings has filed a notice of appeal of the court's order and judgment. We have accrued an estimated settlement liability of $2.9 million for this lawsuit as further described in Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.
On December 17, 2009, a statewide class action lawsuit was filed against us by Todd Janson in Missouri state court, alleging that we were engaged in the unauthorized practice of law and violated the Missouri Merchandising Practices Act. The complaint was amended on January 15, 2010 to add plaintiffs Gerald T. Ardrey, Chad M. Ferrell, and C & J Remodeling LLC. It sought damages of five years of fees charged to Missouri customers with the fees from the two years immediately preceding the complaint trebled and an injunction enjoining LegalZoom from continued operation in Missouri. We subsequently removed the case to federal court in Missouri. While we have denied and continue to deny all of the allegations and claims asserted in this lawsuit, without admitting liability, and to avoid additional legal costs to defend the matter, we signed a settlement agreement to resolve the lawsuit. A fairness hearing was held on April 13, 2012. The court issued a Final Approval Order and Dismissal with Prejudice on April 30, 2012. We have accrued an estimated settlement liability of $2.5 million for this lawsuit as further described in Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.
On June 10, 2011, a purported quo warranto action was filed in Alabama state court against us by DeKalb County Bar Association. The complaint generally alleges that LegalZoom engages in the unauthorized practice of law and requests injunctive relief, not damages. We have denied and continue to deny all of the allegations and claims asserted in this lawsuit.
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On October 27, 2011, a purported statewide class action was filed against us by Christopher Lowry in federal court in Ohio, alleging that we engage in the unauthorized practice of law and violated the Ohio Consumer Sales Practices Act. The complaint seeks disgorgement of revenues, among other remedies. We have denied and continue to deny all of the allegations and claims asserted in this lawsuit.
On January 25, 2012, a purported class action complaint was filed against us by Jonathan McIllwain in Arkansas state court, generally alleging that we engage in the unauthorized practice of law constituting violation of the Arkansas Deceptive Trade Practices Act and unjust enrichment. The complaint seeks a refund of all monies paid to us and punitive damages, among other remedies. We have denied and continue to deny all of the allegations and claims asserted in this lawsuit.
On February 17, 2012, a complaint was filed against us by T. Travis Medlock in South Carolina state court, generally alleging that we engage in the unauthorized practice of law. The complaint requests declaratory relief, injunctive relief and disgorgement of revenues, among other measures. We have denied and continue to deny all of the allegations and claims asserted in this lawsuit.
On September 30, 2011 we filed a complaint in Raleigh, North Carolina against the North Carolina State Bar. We brought this suit requesting a declaration that our self-help services are lawful and require the registration of our subscription legal plans. We cannot predict the outcome of this matter.
In addition to these lawsuits, from time to time, we may become involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. We are not presently involved in any legal proceeding in which we expect the outcome, if determined adversely to us, to have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.
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Executive Officers and Directors
The following table provides information regarding our executive officers and directors as of the date of this prospectus:
Name
|
Age | Position(s)
|
||
---|---|---|---|---|
John Suh |
41 | Chief Executive Officer and Director | ||
Frank Monestere |
43 | President and Chief Operating Officer | ||
Edward Hartman |
41 | Chief Strategy Officer | ||
Fred Krupica |
59 | Chief Financial Officer | ||
Sheila Tan |
48 | Chief Marketing Officer | ||
Tracy Terrill |
37 | Chief Technology Officer | ||
Chas Rampenthal |
44 | General Counsel and Secretary | ||
Brian Liu( ) |
44 | Chairman | ||
Susan Decker( ) |
49 | Director | ||
Alan Spoon( ) |
60 | Director | ||
Jason Trevisan( ) |
37 | Director | ||
Nehemia (Hemi) Zucker( ) |
55 | Director |
Executive Officers
John Suh has served as our Chief Executive Officer since February 2007 and as a member of our board of directors since February 2005. Prior to LegalZoom, Mr. Suh was Chief Executive Officer of StudioDirect, the Internet division of a global supply chain company, Li and Fung. Prior to StudioDirect, Mr. Suh co-founded and served as Chief Executive Officer of Castling Group, helping offline companies create their Internet divisions and launching category leaders such as jcrew.com and hifi.com. Mr. Suh received a B.A. in Organizational Behavior and Public Policy from Harvard College and received his M.B.A. with high distinction from Harvard Business School, graduating as a George F. Baker Scholar. Mr. Suh was selected to serve on our board of directors due to the perspective and experience he brings as our Chief Executive Officer and his extensive background in the Internet industry.
Frank Monestere has served as our Chief Operating Officer since September 2002 and as our President and Chief Operating Officer since January 2005. Before joining LegalZoom, Mr. Monestere was a management consultant from 2000 to 2002, and assisted clients in executing technology-focused business initiatives for clients such as Comcast and Time Warner Cable. Before that, he served in the U.S. Army as an Infantry Officer in the 82nd Airborne Division from 1991 to 1995 and as a Special Forces Officer from 1995 to 1998 with deployments to Bosnia and Sub-Saharan Africa. He also serves on the Board of Advisors of Special Forces Association, a non-profit organization. Mr. Monestere graduated with a B.S. in International Relations from the United States Military Academy at West Point and received his M.B.A. from Harvard Business School where he focused on operations strategy and management.
Edward Hartman is one of our co-founders and has served as Chief Strategy Officer since June 2000. Prior to LegalZoom, Mr. Hartman was the Chief Technology Officer at TROON, LTD, later acquired by Xceed International. Mr. Hartman was a creator of two web-based applications, MajorFind and Megaphone. He sat on the board of the Project Management Institute (Los Angeles Chapter) and is a current board member of the Brent Shapiro Foundation. Mr. Hartman received a B.S. in Computer Science and a B.A. in Anthropology from Yale University and an M.B.A. from the Wharton School,
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University of Pennsylvania Program for Executives in San Francisco, California, where he was designated a Palmer Scholar. He is a member of the California Bar.
Fred Krupica has served as our Chief Financial Officer since April 2008. Mr. Krupica has over 30 years of experience at several high-growth corporations, most recently as Chief Financial Officer of Altra Inc., a leading biofuels company from January 2006 through April 2008. Prior to Altra, Mr. Krupica was Chief Financial Officer of Fastclick, Inc., an Internet advertising technology company, where he led Fastclick's initial public offering and subsequent sale and merger to Valueclick Inc. Mr. Krupica's previous positions include serving as the Chief Financial Officer of WJ Communications, Chief Financial Officer of Magnetic Data Technologies, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer of a private equity firm, and founder of a professional services firm. Mr. Krupica also served in various senior financial management positions at Atlantic Richfield, Pullman Inc. and PricewaterhouseCoopers. Mr. Krupica is a Certified Public Accountant and holds a B.S. in Accounting from the University of Illinois and an M.B.A. in Finance from UCLA's Anderson School of Management.
Sheila Tan has served as our Chief Marketing Officer since March 2012. Before joining LegalZoom, Ms. Tan held executive positions at Align Technology Inc. as Vice President, Marketing and Chief Marketing Officer from March 2009 to December 2011 and Vice President of Product Innovation and Marketing Strategy from September 2008 to March 2009. Prior to that, she was Vice President, Marketing for Moka5, Inc., a provider of virtual desktop technology, from August 2007 to July 2008. Ms. Tan served as Vice President Marketing of Presto Services Inc., a digital-delivery service that enables families and friends to stay in touch via e-mail, without the need for a computer or Internet connection, from June 2006 to August 2007. Prior to that, Ms. Tan was Senior Director of Marketing, Quicken.com and QuickBooks at Intuit from 2001 to 2004. From 1995 to 2000, Ms. Tan held marketing positions of increasing scope and responsibility at The Procter & Gamble Company and its subsidiaries. Ms. Tan received a B.S. in Business Management from California Polytechnic State University and an M.B.A. in Business Management from UCLA's Anderson School of Management.
Tracy Terrill joined LegalZoom in January 2007 and has served as our Chief Technology Officer since October 2008. From March 2005 to December 2006, Mr. Terrill was Director of Sales and Marketing (systems) for GE NBC Universal Home Entertainment. Previous positions included Sr. Director of Digital Business Development and Sr. Director of Research and Development for Universal Music Group. Earlier in his career, Mr. Terrill was a management consultant for Gartner Group. Terrill holds a B.S. in Business Administration from Sonoma State University and an M.B.A. from the University of Southern California.
Chas Rampenthal has served as our General Counsel since October 2003 and as our Corporate Secretary since February 2007. Before joining LegalZoom, Mr. Rampenthal was a partner at Belanger and Rampenthal, LLC from October 2002 to October 2003. Prior to that, Mr. Rampenthal was an associate at Testa, Hurwitz & Thibeault, LLP of Boston, Massachusetts and the Los Angeles office of Thelen Reid & Priest LLP. Mr. Rampenthal also served as an officer and aviator in the United States Navy. Mr. Rampenthal received his B.S. in Economics and Math Studies from Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville and a J.D. from the University of Southern California.
Board of Directors
Brian Liu, one of our co-founders, has served on our board of directors since July 1999, and as our Chairman from July 1999 to February 2005 and since February 2007. Mr. Liu was our Chief Executive Officer from July 1999 to February 2007. Prior to LegalZoom, Mr. Liu was a corporate attorney with the law firm of Sullivan & Cromwell LLP. In addition, Mr. Liu was formerly assistant Vice PresidentLegal with investment adviser Oaktree Capital Management, LLC. Mr. Liu graduated from U.C. Berkeley, Phi Beta Kappa, and with honors, in Biochemistry. Mr. Liu received his J.D. from UCLA School of Law and is a member of the California Bar. Mr. Liu was selected to serve on our board of directors due to his
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experience as our prior Chief Executive Officer and his involvement with our formation, along with his knowledge of our business, management skills and performance as a board member.
Susan Decker has served on our board of directors since October 2010. Ms. Decker also currently serves on the boards of directors of Intel Corporation, Berkshire Hathaway Corporation and Costco Wholesale Corporation and is a Trustee of Save the Children. Previously, Ms. Decker served on the board of directors of Stanford Institute of Economic Policy Research from March 2005 to May 2007. During the 2009-2010 school year, Ms. Decker served as Entrepreneur-in-Residence at Harvard Business School. Prior to that, from June 2000 to April 2009, Ms. Decker held various executive management positions at Yahoo! Inc., including serving as President from June 2007 to April 2009, Head of the Advertiser and Publisher Group from December 2006 to June 2007, and Chief Financial Officer from June 2000-June 2007. Before Yahoo!, Ms. Decker spent 14 years with Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, most recently as Managing Director, Global Equity Research from 1998 to 2000, and previously as an equity research analyst, covering publishing and advertising stocks from 1986 to 1998. In this capacity, Ms. Decker received recognition by Institutional Investor magazine as a top-rated analyst for ten consecutive years. Ms. Decker was selected to serve on our board of directors due to her extensive experience as president of a global Internet company, providing expertise in corporate leadership, financial management, and Internet technology, and to the extent Ms. Decker services as a director for other multinational companies, Ms. Decker also provides cross-board experience.
Alan Spoon has served on our board of directors since February 2007. Mr. Spoon is a general partner with Polaris Venture Partners, a venture capital firm. Before joining Polaris in 2000, Mr. Spoon served for 18 years in a variety of roles with The Washington Post Company, including President, board member, and Chief Financial Officer. At The Washington Post, Mr. Spoon also was responsible for early stage technology investments in cellular companies, such as Cellular One and Digital PCS, distance learning and educational software, and digital media and e-commerce services. Prior to The Washington Post, Mr. Spoon was an officer at The Boston Consulting Group. In addition to serving on our board of directors, Mr. Spoon also sits on the boards of a variety of other companies, including Art.com, Focus Financial Partners, Remedy Health Media, Phreesia, Danaher Corporation and IAC/InterActiveCorp. In his not-for-profit activities, Mr. Spoon is a member of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Corporation and The Council on Foreign Relations. Mr. Spoon earned his S.B. at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, an S.M. at M.I.T.'s Sloan School of Management, and a J.D., with honors, from Harvard Law School. Mr. Spoon was selected to serve on our board of directors due to his extensive experience with private and public company boards, management practices and involvement with private equity, providing insights into Internet and technology industries as well as into acquisition strategy and financing.
Jason Trevisan has served on our board of directors since February 2007. Mr. Trevisan is a general partner with Polaris Venture Partners focusing on growth equity investments and buyouts in Internet, technology and healthcare industries. Before joining Polaris in 2003, Mr. Trevisan held various management roles at aQuantive, which was acquired by Microsoft, where he oversaw client relationships in industries including pharmaceuticals, media/entertainment, financial services and consumer products. Prior to aQuantive, Mr. Trevisan was a consultant with Bain & Company where his clients included private equity firms and Fortune 500 companies in technology, media and consumer products. In addition to serving on our board of directors, Mr. Trevisan is also a member of the board of directors of ShoeDazzle, Life Line Screening, PartsSource and Snappcloud. Mr. Trevisan received his M.B.A. with Distinction from the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth, where he was recognized as an Edward Tuck Scholar. Mr. Trevisan holds an A.B., cum laude, in English from Duke University. Mr. Trevisan was selected to serve on our board of directors due to his extensive experience in Internet and technology companies, as a venture capitalist and as one of our investors.
Nehemia (Hemi) Zucker has served on our board of directors since April 2012. Mr. Zucker is the Chief Executive Officer of j2 Global, Inc., a Nasdaq-traded provider of business cloud services, since May 2008. Prior to that time, and beginning in 1996, he held various executive positions with j2 Global, as
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Co-President and Chief Operating Officer from August 2005 to May 2008, as Co-President from April 2005 to August 2005, as Chief Marketing Officer from May 2003 to August 2005, as Chief Marketing Officer and Chief Financial Officer from December 2000 to May 2003, and as Chief Financial Officer from 1996 to December 2000. Prior to j2 Global, Mr. Zucker was Chief Operations Manager of Motorola's EMBARC division, which packaged CNBC and ESPN for distribution to paging and wireless networks. From 1980 to 1996, he held various positions in finance, operations and marketing at Motorola in the United States and abroad. Mr. Zucker received his B.A in Economics from Tel Aviv University. Mr. Zucker was selected to serve on our board of directors due to his extensive experience in Internet, technology and telecommunication companies and his international management experience.
Each officer serves at the discretion of our board of directors and holds office until his or her successor is duly elected and qualified or until his or her earlier resignation or removal. There are no family relationships among any of our directors or executive officers.
Board Composition
As set forth in our current bylaws, the size of our board of directors is set at six members and our board of directors currently consists of five members, with one seat vacant. Our current certificate of incorporation and voting agreement provide for certain members of our board of directors to be elected by certain classes of our capital stock. The current members of the board of directors were elected as follows:
The voting agreement and the provisions of our certificate of incorporation by which the directors were elected will terminate in connection with our initial public offering, and there will be no further contractual obligations regarding the election of our directors. Our current directors will continue to serve as directors until their resignations or until their successors are duly elected by the holders of our common stock.
Classified Board
Upon completion of this offering, our board of directors will consist of seven members. In accordance with our amended and restated certificate of incorporation to be filed in connection with this offering, immediately after this offering, our board of directors will be divided into three classes with staggered three-year terms. At each annual general meeting of stockholders, the successors to directors whose terms then expire will be elected to serve from the time of election and qualification until the third annual meeting following election. Our directors will be divided among the three classes as follows:
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We expect that additional directorships resulting from an increase in the number of directors will be distributed among the three classes so that, as nearly as possible, each class will consist of one-third of the directors.
The division of our board of directors into three classes with staggered three-year terms may delay or prevent a change of our management or a change in control.
Director Independence
Under the listing requirements and rules of the NYSE, independent directors must comprise a majority of a listed company's board of directors within a specified period of the completion of this offering.
Our board of directors has undertaken a review of its composition, the composition of its committees and the independence of each director. Based upon information requested from and provided by each director concerning his or her background, employment and affiliations, including family relationships, our board of directors has determined that , , and do not have a relationship that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director and that each of these directors is "independent" as that term is defined under the applicable rules and regulations of the SEC and the listing requirements and rules of the NYSE. In making this determination, our board of directors considered the current and prior relationships that each non-employee director has with us and all other facts and circumstances our board of directors deemed relevant in determining their independence, including the beneficial ownership of our capital stock by each non-employee director.
Board Committees
Our board of directors has established an audit committee, a compensation committee and a governance and nominating committee. The composition and responsibilities of each committee are described below. Members serve on these committees until their resignation or until otherwise determined by our board of directors.
Audit Committee
Our audit committee provides oversight of our accounting and financial reporting process, the audit of our financial statements and our internal control function. Among other matters, the audit committee assists the board of directors in oversight of the independent registered public accounting firm qualifications, independence and performance; is responsible for the engagement, retention and compensation of the independent auditors; reviews the scope of the annual audit; reviews and discusses with management and the independent registered public accounting firm the results of the annual audit and the review of our quarterly consolidated financial statements including the disclosures in our annual and quarterly reports filed with the SEC; reviews our risk assessment and risk management processes; establishes procedures for receiving, retaining and investigating complaints received by us regarding accounting, internal accounting controls or audit matters; approves audit and permissible non-audit services provided by our independent registered public accounting firm; and reviews and approves related person transactions under Item 404 of Regulation S-K. In addition, our audit committee will oversee our internal audit function when it is established.
The current members of our audit committee are , who is the chair of the committee, and . All members of our audit committee meet the requirements for financial literacy under the applicable rules and regulations of the SEC and the NYSE. Our board of directors has determined that and are audit committee financial experts as defined under
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the applicable rules of the SEC and have the requisite financial sophistication as defined under the applicable rules and regulations of the NYSE. All of the members of our audit committee are independent directors as defined under the applicable rules and regulations of the SEC and the NYSE.
Compensation Committee
Our compensation committee adopts and administers the compensation policies, plans and benefit programs for our executive officers and all other members of our executive team. In addition, among other things, our compensation committee annually evaluates, in consultation with the board of directors, the performance of our Chief Executive Officer, reviews and approves corporate goals and objectives relevant to compensation of our Chief Executive Officer and other executives and evaluates the performance of these executives in light of those goals and objectives. Our compensation committee also adopts and administers our equity compensation plans. The current members of our compensation committee are , who is the chair of the committee, and . All of the members of our compensation committee are independent under the applicable rules and regulations of the SEC and the NYSE, and Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code, or the Code.
Governance and Nominating Committee
Our governance and nominating committee is responsible for, among other things, making recommendations regarding corporate governance, the composition of our board of directors, identification, evaluation and nomination of director candidates and the structure and composition of committees of our board of directors. In addition, our governance and nominating committee oversees our corporate governance guidelines, approves our committee charters, oversees compliance with our code of business conduct and ethics, contributes to succession planning, reviews actual and potential conflicts of interest of our directors and officers other than related person transactions reviewed by the audit committee and oversees the board self-evaluation process. Our governance and nominating committee is also responsible for making recommendations regarding non-employee director compensation to the full board of directors. The current members of our governance and nominating committee are , who is the chair of the committee, and . All of the members of our governance and nominating committee are independent under the applicable rules and regulations of the SEC and the NYSE.
Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation
None of the members of our compensation committee is or has at any time during the past year been one of our officers or employees. None of our executive officers currently serves or in the past year has served as a member of the board of directors or compensation committee of any entity that has one or more executive officers serving on our board of directors or compensation committee.
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
We will adopt a code of business conduct and ethics applicable to all of our employees, including our executive officers and directors, and those employees responsible for financial reporting. The code of business conduct and ethics will be available on our website. We expect that, to the extent required by law, any amendments to the code, or any waivers of its requirements, will be disclosed on our website.
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Our named executive officers for 2011, which consist of our principal executive officer and the two other most highly compensated executive officers, are:
The following tables and narratives address and explain the compensation provided to our named executive officers in fiscal 2011. All figures below reflect our 2011 three-for-one stock split.
2011 Summary Compensation Table
Name and Principal Position
|
Year | Salary ($)(1) |
Bonus ($)(2) |
Option Awards ($)(3) |
Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation ($)(4) |
All Other Compensation ($)(5) |
Total ($) |
|||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
John Suh, |
2011 | 332,250 | | | 350,000 | 9,800 | 692,050 | |||||||||||||||
Fred Krupica, |
2011 | 253,050 | | 548,472 | 254,000 | 68,470 | 1,123,992 | |||||||||||||||
Edward Hartman, |
2011 | 215,100 | 40,000 | 342,795 | 120,000 | 15,651 | 733,546 |
Name
|
Relocation($) | Housing($) | LegalZoom 401(k) Match($)(c) |
Total "Other Compensation"($) |
|||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
John Suh |
| | 9,800 | 9,800 | |||||||||
Fred Krupica |
| 62,173 | (a) | 6,297 | 68,470 | ||||||||
Edward Hartman |
10,971 | (b) | 4,680 | (b) | | 15,651 |
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Annual Base Salary
The following table provides the annual base salaries for each of the named executive officers for fiscal 2011 based on decisions made by the compensation committee in fiscal 2011. Fiscal 2011 salaries were adjusted effective as of April 1, 2011 as set forth below.
Name
|
Fiscal 2011 Salary First Quarter($) |
Fiscal 2011 Salary (effective April 1, 2011)($) |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
John Suh |
309,000 | 340,000 | |||||
Fred Krupica |
247,200 | 255,000 | |||||
Edward Hartman |
185,400 | 225,000 |
Annual Performance-based Cash Bonus Opportunity
In addition to base salaries, our named executive officers were eligible to receive performance-based cash bonuses in fiscal 2011. The annual cash bonus payouts for the named executive officers in fiscal 2011 were based on the degree of attainment of LegalZoom's performance criteria.
For fiscal 2011, the annual performance-based cash bonus plan was based on a dollar pool determined alongside the establishment of LegalZoom's overall annual budget. Each named executive officer then had target and maximum bonus amounts established as set forth below:
Name
|
Target Bonus($) | Maximum Bonus($) |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
John Suh |
175,000 | 350,000 | |||||
Fred Krupica |
127,000 | 254,000 | |||||
Edward Hartman |
60,000 | 120,000 |
Payment of a performance-based cash bonus was based on two company performance metrics: Adjusted EBITDA and annual revenue growth. Adjusted EBITDA is a Non-GAAP financial measure. For a definition of Adjusted EBITDA and reconciliation to net income (loss), the most comparable U.S. GAAP item, see "Prospectus SummarySummary Selected Financial and Other Data Non-GAAP discussion." These performance metrics were chosen based on the compensation committee's belief that attaining or exceeding targets for these metrics would increase LegalZoom's value and growth. The actual amount awarded for the fiscal 2011 cash bonus was primarily dependent on LegalZoom's achievement of a target annual revenue growth of 17.7%. However, in order for a named executive officer to receive any performance-based cash bonus, LegalZoom had to achieve a minimum Adjusted EBITDA of $11.4 million. If LegalZoom did not achieve the minimum Adjusted EBITDA of $11.4 million, regardless of its achievement of the annual revenue growth target, no cash bonus would have been paid to the named executive officers. If this Adjusted EBITDA minimum was achieved, then the amount of the performance bonus would be determined based on the Adjusted EBITDA and annual revenue growth results, with annual revenue growth receiving approximately 70% of the weighting and Adjusted EBITDA receiving approximately 30% of the weighting. If LegalZoom had achieved a target annual revenue growth of 17.7% and the minimum Adjusted EBITDA of $11.4 million, the named executive officers would have received the target bonus amount. In all cases, the total annual cash bonus opportunity for each named executive officer for fiscal 2011 had a maximum payout of two times his target amount. If LegalZoom achieved approximately 26% or more in annual revenue growth (and met or exceeded the minimum Adjusted EBITDA goal of $11.4 million), the named executive officers would have received the maximum bonus payout of two times their target bonus amount.
For fiscal 2011, LegalZoom achieved an annual revenue growth of 29.2% and Adjusted EBITDA of $11.8 million. As a result, the compensation committee awarded each of the named executive officers the maximum amount for fiscal 2011 performance-based cash bonuses, which amounts are reported above in
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the Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation column of the 2011 Summary Compensation table. In fiscal 2011, the compensation committee also awarded Mr. Hartman a $40,000 discretionary bonus in connection with his exceptional performance in fiscal 2011 in growing our legal plan services and almost tripling the number of subscribers in our legal plans.
Long-term Equity-based Compensation
Historically, the compensation committee and/or our board of directors has provided long-term equity incentive compensation to retain our named executive officers and to provide for a portion of their compensation to be at risk and linked directly with the appreciation of stockholder value. Long-term compensation has generally been provided through equity awards in the form of stock options subject to continued service and under the terms and conditions of our 2007 Stock Option Plan, which was renamed as the 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (hereafter, referred to as the "2010 Plan"), and related award agreements. Through possession of stock options, our executives participate in the long-term results of their efforts.
The 2010 Plan, or the stock option grant agreements, can provide for some or all of the unvested stock options to vest immediately when certain events occur, including a change in control. For example, in the event of a corporate change in control transaction in which the named executive officer's stock options are not substituted, assumed or converted, then the named executive officer's stock options shall fully vest and become exercisable immediately prior to the consummation of the change in control.
The board of directors granted stock option awards to each of the named executive officers, except for Mr. Suh, in fiscal 2011. Mr. Suh did not receive an equity award in fiscal 2011, as he had received a stock option award in 2010 (and the other named executive officers had not). Details on stock option grants in fiscal 2011 are provided in footnote (3) to the "2011 Summary Compensation Table".
Employee Benefits and Perquisites
We have generally not offered extensive or elaborate benefits to the named executive officers, except for permitting Mr. Krupica to stay in our corporate apartment located near our corporate headquarters and providing relocation benefits to Mr. Hartman. Further details on these benefits are described in footnote (5) to the "2011 Summary Compensation Table". We also provide 401(k) matching contributions as discussed in the "401(k) Plan" section below.
2011 Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End
The following table shows the number of shares of our common stock covered by stock options and restricted stock units held by the named executive officers as of December 31, 2011. All of the awards shown in the below table were granted under the 2010 Plan. Additionally, all of the stock options in the below table were granted with a per share exercise price equal to the fair market value of one of our shares
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of common stock on the date of grant. No stock options were exercised by the named executive officers during fiscal 2011.
|
Option Awards | |
|
|||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Stock Awards | |||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
Equity Incentive Plan Awards: Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Unearned Options (#) |
|
|
|||||||||||||||||
Name
|
Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Exercisable |
Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Unexercisable |
Option Exercise Price ($) |
Option Expiration Date |
Number of Shares or Units of Stock That Have Not Vested (#) |
Market Value of Shares or Units of Stock That Have Not Vested ($) |
||||||||||||||||
John Suh |
575,406 | | | 1.1933 | 2/9/17 | (1) | | | ||||||||||||||
|
60,000 | 540,000 | | 1.4000 | 2/25/20 | (2) | | | ||||||||||||||
Fred Krupica |
630,000 |
90,000 |
|
1.4967 |
6/24/18 |
(3) |
||||||||||||||||
|
75,000 | (4) | 430,500 | |||||||||||||||||||
|
| 240,000 | | 5.4700 | 9/29/21 | (5)(7) | | | ||||||||||||||
Edward Hartman |
|
150,000 |
|
5.4700 |
9/29/21 |
(6)(7) |
|
|
Executive Employment Agreements
Fiscal 2011
We previously entered into employment agreements with each of the named executive officers which were effective during fiscal 2011. Below are descriptions of these agreements, which have been superseded by new employment agreements.
John Suh
Mr. Suh's offer letter, dated February 15, 2007 and amended on April 20, 2010, provided that he would serve as LegalZoom's Chief Executive Officer. It also provided that Mr. Suh would originally receive an initial annual base salary of $200,000, an annual performance-based bonus equal to
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approximately $200,000 and a stock option award. The agreement further provided that Mr. Suh was eligible to participate in employee benefit plans in accordance with LegalZoom's policies. This included medical programs, three weeks of paid vacation per year and reimbursement for all costs of his professional licensing and any professional organizations. Under the agreement, if LegalZoom terminated Mr. Suh's employment without "cause" then, conditioned on his providing a release of any employment related claims against LegalZoom, Mr. Suh would have been entitled to receive 12 months of continued salary and health insurance coverage. Further, if Mr. Suh resigned for "good reason" then, conditioned on his providing a release of any employment related claims against LegalZoom, Mr. Suh would have been entitled to receive 12 months of continued salary and health insurance coverage, any bonus earned and/or accrued through the date of termination and 12 months accelerated vesting of his unvested stock options. Upon an involuntary termination of Mr. Suh's employment within 12 months after a change in control of LegalZoom, he would have received a cash severance payment equal to one year of base salary and his then-outstanding unvested stock options, restricted stock, stock appreciation rights and stock units would become fully vested immediately before his termination of employment. Additionally, upon the completion of a qualified initial public offering, such as the consummation of this offering, Mr. Suh would have received a one year acceleration of vesting for his then unvested stock options and a $100,000 cash bonus. The agreement further provided that LegalZoom would indemnify Mr. Suh for any liability incurred within the scope of his employment and that LegalZoom would maintain directors and officers liability insurance.
The agreement defined "cause" as Mr. Suh's (i) willful, intentional or grossly negligent failure to perform his duties under the agreement, (ii) admission or final conviction of a misdemeanor materially adversely affecting LegalZoom or of any felony, (iii) commission of an act of fraud against, or material misappropriation of property belonging to, LegalZoom, or (iv) material breach of any provision of the agreement that is not remedied within 30 days of his receipt of written notice from LegalZoom. The agreement defined "good reason" as (1) a breach by LegalZoom of its obligations under the agreement, (2) a significant reduction of Mr. Suh's duties, title or authority, or (3) any requirement or suggestion that Mr. Suh violated his professional ethics. The agreement defined "change in control" as any of the following events:
Fred Krupica
Mr. Krupica's offer letter, dated March 19, 2008 and amended on April 20, 2010, was effective upon the commencement of his employment in April 2008 and provided that he would serve in an at-will
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capacity as LegalZoom's Chief Financial Officer. It provided that Mr. Krupica would originally receive an initial annual base salary of $230,000, an annual performance-based bonus of up to $120,000 and a stock option award. The agreement also provided that Mr. Krupica was eligible to participate in employee benefit plans in accordance with LegalZoom's policies including medical and dental plans and that he would accrue 20 vacation days per year. Under the agreement, Mr. Krupica was permitted to stay in LegalZoom's corporate apartment which is near LegalZoom's headquarters. If LegalZoom had terminated Mr. Krupica's employment without "good reason" or if Mr. Krupica had experienced a "constructive termination" then, conditioned on his providing a release of any claims against LegalZoom, Mr. Krupica would have been entitled to receive six months of continued salary and health insurance coverage along with six months accelerated vesting of his unvested stock options. Upon an involuntary termination of Mr. Krupica's employment within the six months before or 12 months after a change in control of LegalZoom, his cash severance would have equaled one year of salary and his then outstanding unvested stock options, restricted stock, stock appreciation rights and stock units would have become fully vested immediately before his termination of employment. The agreement further provided that LegalZoom would indemnify Mr. Krupica for any liability incurred within the scope of his employment and that LegalZoom would maintain directors and officers liability insurance. The agreement also imposed various restrictions on Mr. Krupica, for the benefit of LegalZoom, including maintaining the confidentiality of LegalZoom information.
Mr. Krupica's agreement defined "good reason" as Mr. Krupica's (i) commission of a crime involving dishonesty, breach of trust, or physical harm to any person, (ii) willful engagement in conduct that is in bad faith and materially injurious to LegalZoom, or (iii) willful refusal to implement or follow a lawful policy or directive of LegalZoom. The agreement defined "constructive termination" as (1) a material reduction in responsibility, (2) a material reduction in annual cash compensation except for reductions that are comparably applied to similarly situated executives, or (3) a relocation to a new work location that is more than 50 miles away from Mr. Krupica's current place of employment. Mr. Krupica's agreement provided for the same definition of "change in control" as described above for Mr. Suh.
Edward Hartman
Mr. Hartman's "Executive Employment, Confidential Information and Assignment of Inventions Agreement," dated March 25, 2004 and amended on April 20, 2010, was made effective as of the commencement of his employment in February 2001 and provided that he would serve in an at-will capacity as LegalZoom's Chief Strategy Officer. It provided that Mr. Hartman would originally receive an initial annual base salary of $130,000. The agreement also provided that Mr. Hartman was eligible to receive stock option grants, in the discretion of LegalZoom, and that he was eligible to participate in employee benefit plans in accordance with LegalZoom's policies, including paid time off and medical and dental plans. The agreement further provided that upon an "involuntary termination" of Mr. Hartman's employment within 12 months of a change in control of LegalZoom, his then-outstanding unvested stock options, restricted stock, stock units and stock appreciation rights would have become fully vested immediately before his termination of employment. The agreement also imposed various restrictions on Mr. Hartman for the benefit of LegalZoom, including maintaining the confidentiality of LegalZoom information and a 12 month post-employment non-solicitation of LegalZoom executives.
Mr. Hartman's agreement provided for the same definition of "change in control" as described above for Mr. Suh. Mr. Hartman's agreement defined "cause" generally to mean any of the following acts committed by Mr. Hartman and where such acts have not been cured or corrected:
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Mr. Hartman's agreement defined "involuntary termination" as a termination of his employment due to any of the following:
Fiscal 2012
In May 2012, our compensation committee unanimously approved new employment agreements and compensation arrangements with the named executive officers, which replace and supersede the predecessor employment agreements described above, effective May 9, 2012. The new compensation arrangements also include the potential future grant of stock option awards to our named executive officers (described further in footnotes (4) and (5) to the table below), the grant to be effective on the date of this offering. These stock options will generally have a per share exercise price equal to 115% of the price at which shares will be offered to be sold to the public in this offering and will vest as follows: 1/4 of the option vests on the first anniversary of the date of grant and the remaining 3/4 of the option will vest in equal quarterly installments over the following three years. Additionally, Mr. Suh will be granted a second stock option of 250,000 shares with a per share exercise price equal to 125% of the price at which shares will be offered to be sold to the public in this offering, and will vest as follows: 1/2 of the shares will vest annually on the third and fourth anniversaries of the date of grant.
In accordance with the foregoing, on May 8, 2012, we entered into a new employment agreement with each of the named executive officers. These new agreements, which supersede and replace the prior employment agreements, each provide that the named executive officer will continue to serve in his same role(s). The following table highlights certain items contained in the new employment agreements for the named executive officers.
|
Initial Term of Employment Agreements(1) |
Base Salary Effective as of an IPO(2) |
Annual Target Bonus(3) |
Stock Options: FY12 IPO Grant (Shares) |
Severance Payments Upon "Qualifying Termination" |
Severance Payments Upon "Qualifying Termination" Within LegalZoom "Change in Control" Period |
Other | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
John Suh |
2 years | $ | 425,000 | 100 | % | 650,000 | (4) | (6) | (8) | (9)(10) | |||||||||||
Fred Krupica |
2 years | $ | 310,000 | 50 | % | 120,000 | (5) | (7) | (8) | (9)(10) | |||||||||||
Eddie Hartman |
2 years | $ | 235,000 | 40 | % | 80,000 | (5) | (7) | (8) | (9) |
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24 months after a "change in control," as defined in the agreement, then the named executive officer will receive: (a) a lump-sum cash payment in an amount equal to a percentage of the named executive officer's annual base salary; (b) LegalZoom will continue to pay the cost (to the same extent it was doing so immediately prior to the termination) for COBRA health insurance benefits for up to nine months; and (c) any unvested equity-based compensation awards (excluding any portion of any performance-based vesting awards which are/were forfeited due to failure to achieve the requisite performance objectives) will fully vest. The cash severance shall be fully paid to the named executive officer in a single lump sum payment on the 60th day after his termination date. The amount in clause (a) above shall be equal to 100% of his then annual base salary for Mr. Krupica and equal to 75% of his then annual base salary for Mr. Hartman. For Mr. Suh, the amount in clause (a) above shall be equal to 150% of Mr. Suh's then annual base salary and the number of months in clause (b) shall be up to 18 months. Payment of the severance benefits will be conditioned upon the named executive officer providing a release of claims against us, our affiliates and related parties.
In determining the compensation for fiscal 2012 for the named executive officers, the compensation committee reviewed a compensation report prepared by its independent compensation consultant, Frederic W. Cook & Co., Inc., or FWCook & Co. The findings of the FWCook & Co. report were one factor that the compensation committee considered, but it was not the predominant basis for the compensation committee's compensation decisions for our named executive officers. The compensation committee wanted to provide further equity retention and incentive compensation for the named executive officers.
Incentive Compensation Plans
2010 Stock Incentive Plan
Our board of directors originally adopted the LegalZoom.com, Inc. 2007 Stock Option Plan on February 1, 2007 and such plan was approved by our stockholders in February 2007. On April 20, 2010, our board of directors amended and restated the 2007 Plan and renamed it the LegalZoom.com, Inc. 2010 Stock Incentive Plan, or the 2010 Plan. Effective with this offering, it is expected that we will no longer make new grants under the 2010 Plan and will instead issue equity compensation awards under our new 2012 Equity Incentive Plan discussed below. The 2010 Plan shall terminate upon the later to occur of: (i) the completion of this offering and (ii) stockholder approval of the 2012 Plan, provided however that all awards currently outstanding under the 2010 Plan will continue to remain outstanding pursuant to the terms of the 2010 Plan and applicable award agreements.
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The 2010 Plan is administered by the compensation committee which has the authority, among other things, to:
The 2010 Plan provides that we may grant awards to our employees, non-employee directors, consultants, agents, advisors, or independent contractors and those of our affiliates. We may, on a discretionary basis, award these individuals with either stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, and/or stock units.
Stock options may be granted under the 2010 Plan, including incentive stock options, as defined under Section 422 of the Code, and nonqualified stock options. A stock option gives the participant the right to buy a specified number of shares of our common stock for a fixed price during a fixed period of time. While we may grant incentive stock options only to employees, we may grant nonqualified stock options to any eligible participant. The option exercise price of all stock options granted under the 2010 Plan is determined by the compensation committee, except that every stock option will have a per share exercise price that is not less than 100% of the fair market value of a share on the date of grant. Stock options may be exercised as determined by the compensation committee, but in no event after the tenth anniversary of the date of grant. In addition, stock units may also be awarded under the 2010 Plan. A stock unit is a bookkeeping entry that represents the equivalent of a share of our common stock. A stock unit is similar to a restricted stock award except that participants holding stock units do not have any stockholder rights until the stock unit is settled with shares and certificates representing such shares have been issued by us to the holder. Stock units represent an unfunded and unsecured obligation for us and a holder of a stock unit has no rights other than those of a general creditor. Unvested equity awards are generally subject to forfeiture upon termination of a participant's employment. None of our named executive officers currently have any outstanding stock appreciation rights or restricted stock grants.
In the event that a change in control occurs and there is no assumption or continuation of awards, all awards shall vest and become exercisable as of immediately before such change in control. Under the 2010 Plan, a "change in control" is defined as:
A total of 10,042,039 shares of common stock can be issued under the 2010 Plan. 924,497 shares remained available for issuance under the 2010 Plan as of December 31, 2011. 852,372 shares remained available for issuance under the 2010 Plan as of March 29, 2012 and there were 7,243,554 shares subject to outstanding awards on such date.
2012 Equity Incentive Plan
In March 2012, our board of directors unanimously approved a form of the 2012 Equity Incentive Plan, or the 2012 Plan, subject to later allocating a specific number of shares to the plan and obtaining stockholder approval of the plan. Awards granted under the 2012 Plan prior to stockholder approval of the
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2012 Plan may not be exercised and no shares may be released to any participant until such stockholder approval is obtained. If our stockholders do not approve the 2012 Plan within 12 months of the board of directors' adoption of the 2012 Plan, then the 2012 Plan (and any outstanding awards granted) shall be null and void and any outstanding awards will be forfeited without consideration. Effective with this offering, it is expected that the 2012 Plan will replace and supersede the 2010 Plan with respect to providing discretionary equity compensation or certain performance-based cash awards to our key employees, directors and other service providers.
The 2012 Plan will be administered by our compensation committee or to a committee to whom our board of directors has delegated its authority, which has the authority, among other things, to:
Any of our employees, directors and consultants, as determined by the committee, may be selected to participate in the 2012 Plan. We may award these individuals with one or more of the following types of awards and all awards will be evidenced by an executed written agreement between us and the grantee:
Stock options may be granted under the 2012 Plan, including incentive stock options, as defined under Section 422 of the Code, and non-statutory stock options. A stock option gives the participant the right to buy a specified number of shares of our common stock for a fixed price during a fixed period of time. The exercise price of all stock options granted under the 2012 Plan will be determined by the committee except that all stock options must have an exercise price that is not less than 100% of the fair market value of the underlying shares on the date of grant. Stock options may be exercised as determined by the committee, but in no event after the tenth anniversary of the date of grant.
Stock appreciation rights entitle a participant to receive a payment equal in value to the difference between the fair market value of a share of stock on the date of exercise of the stock appreciation right over the exercise price of the stock appreciation rights. We may pay that amount in cash, in shares of our common stock, or in a combination of both. The exercise price of all stock appreciation rights granted under the 2012 Plan will be determined by the committee, except that all stock appreciation rights must
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have an exercise price that is not less than 100% of the fair market value of the underlying shares on the date of grant. The committee may, in its discretion, subsequently reduce the exercise price of, or modify, a stock appreciation right.
A stock award is the grant of shares of our common stock at a price determined by the committee (including zero), and which may be subject to a substantial risk of forfeiture until specific conditions or goals are met. During the period of vesting, participants holding shares of restricted stock generally will have full voting and dividend rights with respect to such shares.
A stock unit is a bookkeeping entry that represents the equivalent of a share of our common stock. A stock unit is similar to a restricted stock award except that participants holding stock units do not have any stockholder rights until the stock unit is settled with shares and certificates representing such shares have been issued by us to the holder. Stock units represent an unfunded and unsecured obligation for us and a holder of a stock unit has no rights other than those of a general creditor.
The 2012 Plan also provides that other equity awards, which derive their value from the value of our shares or from increases in the value of our shares, may be granted. In addition, cash awards, which are intended to qualify as performance-based compensation under Code section 162(m), may be issued to certain executives. And, substitute awards may be issued under the 2012 Plan in assumption of or substitution for or exchange for awards previously granted by an entity which we (or an affiliate) acquire.
Subject to certain adjustments in the event of a change in capitalization or similar transaction, we may issue a maximum of shares of our common stock under the 2012 Plan. Subject to certain adjustments in the event of a change in capitalization or similar transaction, the maximum aggregate number of shares that may be issued in connection with any type of award, including incentive stock options, under the 2012 Plan is shares. Additionally, the maximum number of shares available for issuance under the 2012 Plan and that may be issued in connection with any type of award, including incentive stock options, under the 2012 Plan will automatically increase, without the need for further approval by our stockholders, on January 1, 2013 and on each subsequent January 1 through and including January 1, 2022, by a number of shares equal to the lesser of (i) % of the number of shares issued and outstanding on the immediately preceding December 31 or (ii) shares or (iii) an amount determined by our board of directors. Shares subject to awards that expire or are canceled will again become available for issuance under the 2012 Plan.
To the extent that an award is intended to qualify as performance-based compensation under Code section 162(m), then the maximum number of shares of common stock issuable in the form of each type of award under the 2012 Plan to any one participant during a fiscal year shall not exceed shares, in each case with such limit increased to shares for grants occurring in a participant's year of hire. Additionally, no participant shall receive in excess of $ with respect to a cash award in any fiscal year or the aggregate amount of shares pursuant to all awards issued under the 2012 Plan during any fiscal year, with such aggregate limit increased to shares for awards occurring in a participant's fiscal year of hire or during the first fiscal year that a participant becomes a covered employee whose compensation is subject to the tax deduction limits of Code section 162(m).
The 2012 Plan provides that in the event there is a change in control and the applicable agreement of merger or reorganization provides for assumption or continuation of the awards, no acceleration of vesting shall occur. In the event that a change in control occurs and there is no assumption or continuation of awards, all awards shall vest and become exercisable as of immediately before such change in control.
Under the 2012 Plan, a "change in control" is defined as:
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immediately after such consolidation or merger, excluding any consolidation or merger effected exclusively to change the domicile of LegalZoom; or
The 2012 Plan provides our non-employee directors with the ability to receive restricted stock grants or stock units under the 2012 Plan in lieu of their annual cash retainer which is provided to them under our annual non-employee director compensation program, as described further in "Compensation of Directors."
Under the 2012 Plan, we may cause the cancellation of any award, request reimbursement of any award by a participant and effect any other right of recoupment of equity or other compensation provided under the 2012 Plan in accordance with our policies and/or applicable law. In addition, a participant in the 2012 Plan may be required to repay us certain previously paid compensation, whether provided under the 2012 Plan or an award agreement under the 2012 Plan, in accordance with any recoupment policy of LegalZoom.
Our board of directors may terminate, amend or modify the 2012 Plan at any time; however, stockholder approval will be obtained for any amendment to the extent necessary to comply with any applicable law, regulation or stock exchange rule.
2012 Management Incentive Plan
In March 2012, our board of directors unanimously approved a 2012 performance-based bonus compensation program, subject to later allocating a maximum bonus limit for participants under the plan and obtaining stockholder approval of the plan, in which our named executive officers will be eligible to participate. This bonus plan is named the 2012 Management Incentive Plan, or the 2012 MIP. The 2012 MIP is intended to be exempt from the compensation deduction limitations imposed by Code section 162(m) until the first meeting of our stockholders, in which our board of directors members are elected, after the end of calendar year 2015. Our board of directors may amend or terminate the 2012 MIP at any time provided that any such amendment or termination will not adversely affect any outstanding bonus opportunity without the participant's written consent.
The compensation committee will administer the 2012 MIP. Guidelines, procedures and mechanics of the plan's administration may be promulgated by resolutions of the committee. Under the 2012 MIP, the compensation committee, in its discretion, shall:
Any employee who is an officer of ours within the meaning of Rule 16a-1(f) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, will be eligible to be selected to participate in the 2012 MIP.
Bonus amounts that have been earned will be paid in cash to a participant on any date designated by the compensation committee that occurs during the 21/2 month period immediately following the end of the performance period in which the applicable bonus amount was earned or upon an earlier change in control if such earlier-in-time payment would not cause the imposition of taxes under Code section 409A. No single participant may receive bonus payments under the 2012 MIP that in the aggregate exceed $ in any fiscal year.
On and after the date, if any, that compensation paid under the 2012 MIP is subject to the compensation deduction limits imposed by Code section 162(m), then any bonuses that are intended to qualify as performance-based compensation under Code section 162(m) shall be administered by the compensation committee to comply with the applicable requirements of Code section 162(m).
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Under the 2012 MIP, we may cause the cancellation of any bonus, request reimbursement of any bonus by a participant and effect any other right of recoupment of equity or other compensation provided under the 2012 MIP in accordance with our policies and/or applicable law. In addition, a participant in the 2012 MIP may be required to repay us certain previously paid compensation, in accordance with any recoupment policy of LegalZoom.
401(k) Plan
The 401(k) retirement savings plan is a defined contribution plan established in accordance with Code section 401(a). Employees may elect to defer between 1% and 100% of their eligible compensation into the plan on a pre-tax basis, up to annual limits prescribed by the Internal Revenue Service and we make an employer matching contribution to the plan in the amount of up to 50% of the first 8% of eligible compensation that employees defer each year. In general, eligible compensation for purposes of the 401(k) retirement savings plan includes an employee's wages, salaries, fees for professional services and other amounts received for personal services actually rendered in the course of employment with us to the extent the amounts are includible in gross income, and subject to certain adjustments and exclusions required under the Code.
Policy on Recoupment of Compensation
In March 2012, our board of directors unanimously approved a Policy on Recoupment of Compensation, or Recoupment Policy, primarily to deter our current and former senior executives and other key employees from taking actions that could potentially harm us and to deter any financial or accounting irregularities with respect to our financial statements. We incorporated the Recoupment Policy into the 2012 Plan, the 2012 MIP and the new employment agreements. These plans and agreements provide that if we amend the Recoupment Policy from time to time, in our discretion, including to comply with applicable laws or stock exchange requirements or guidance, such amended policy will be incorporated into award agreements issued under these plans and/or the employment agreements, as applicable.
Pursuant to our Recoupment Policy, certain members of management, including all of the named executive officers (whether or not their employment has terminated), may be directed to return to us performance-based compensation that the executive had previously received if either:
In the event of a restatement of our financial statements, the compensation committee will review performance-based compensation awarded or paid to the named executive officers that was attributable to performance during the applicable time periods. To the extent permitted by applicable law, the compensation committee will make a determination as to whether, and how much, compensation will be recouped on an individual basis. If there has been no misconduct (as described in clause (ii) above), any recoupment of compensation will be limited to a three-year look-back period from the date we discovered the financial or accounting irregularity.
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Moreover, if the compensation committee determines that one of the named executive officers has engaged in misconduct, the compensation committee may take actions with respect to such executive as it deems to be in our best interests and necessary to remedy the misconduct and prevent its recurrence. To the extent permitted by applicable law, such actions can include, among other things, recoupment of compensation (which would not be limited to the three-year look-back period) and/or disciplinary actions, including termination of employment. The compensation committee's power to determine the appropriate remedy is in addition to, and not in replacement of, remedies imposed by law enforcement agencies, regulators or other authorities.
Compensation of Directors
The compensation provided to our non-employee directors in fiscal 2011 is enumerated in the table below. Directors who are also one of our employees, such as Mr. Suh or Mr. Liu, do not and will not receive any compensation for their services as a director. In the case of Mr. Suh, who is a named executive officer of LegalZoom for fiscal 2011, his compensation for fiscal 2011 is reported in the 2011 Summary Compensation Table above.
2011 Director Compensation
Name
|
Fees Earned or Paid in Cash ($) |
Total ($) |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Susan Decker |
20,000 | 20,000 | |||||
Kamran Pourzanjani(1) |
20,000 | 20,000 | |||||
Alan Spoon(2) |
| | |||||
Jason Trevisan(2) |
| |
Directors have been and will continue to be reimbursed for travel, food, lodging and other expenses directly related to their activities as directors. Directors are also entitled to the protection provided by their indemnification agreements and the indemnification provisions in our current certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as well as the certificate of incorporation and bylaws that will become effective immediately upon the completion of this offering. Two of our directors, Ms. Decker and Mr. Pourzanjani, were parties to offer letter agreements with LegalZoom which were effective in fiscal 2011 as discussed below.
Susan Decker and LegalZoom entered into an agreement, dated October 14, 2010, that provided that she would receive (i) $20,000 for each 12 month period of service on our board of directors and (ii) a stock option grant, issued under the 2010 Plan, to purchase up to 150,000 common shares with a $1.40 per share exercise price (which was the fair market value of a common share on the grant date). Subject to her continued service, this stock option vested as to 50,000 shares on October 14, 2011 and the remaining 100,000 shares vest pro-rata over the ensuing 24 months with any unvested portion of the stock option vesting in full upon a change in control of LegalZoom.
Kamran Pourzanjani and LegalZoom entered into an agreement, dated February 9, 2007, that provided that he would receive (i) $2,500 for each regular or special board of directors meeting, (ii) $5,000 annually for representation on any board of directors committee, and (iii) a stock option grant, issued under the 2010 Plan, to purchase up to 300,000 shares of our common stock with a $1.1933 per share exercise price (which was the fair market value of a common share on the grant date). Subject to his continued service, this stock option vested in monthly pro-rata increments over a four year period and was fully vested in February 2011. This stock option was fully vested and exercisable at the end of fiscal 2011 and Mr. Pourzanjani timely exercised the remaining outstanding shares subject to this stock option
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following his resignation in fiscal 2012. In November 2010, (i) Mr. Pourzanjani's agreement with LegalZoom was amended to provide that he would receive quarterly payments of $5,000 in exchange for his services on our board of directors and (ii) Mr. Pourzanjani was awarded an additional stock option grant, issued under the 2010 Plan, to purchase up to 60,000 shares of our common stock with a $1.40 per share exercise price. Mr. Pourzanjani fully exercised this stock option in 2010 and the acquired shares were subject to repurchase by LegalZoom at a $0.001 per share price upon termination of Mr. Pourzanjani's service. This repurchase right lapsed in monthly pro-rata increments until it had fully lapsed on February 9, 2012.
We did not grant any equity awards to our non-employee directors during fiscal 2011. As of December 31, 2011, our non-employee directors who served on our board of directors in fiscal 2011, held the following number of stock options and restricted shares and no other equity compensation awards:
Name
|
Restricted Shares |
Vested Stock Options (shares) |
Unvested Stock Options (shares) |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Susan Decker |
| 58,326 | 91,674 | |||||||
Kamran Pourzanjani |
10,000 | 12,507 | | |||||||
Alan Spoon |
| | | |||||||
Jason Trevisan |
| | |
2012 Director Compensation
In February 2012, in preparation for this offering, the compensation committee retained FWCook & Co. to provide compensation analysis and information for the committee and our board of directors with respect to future compensation for the non-employee members of our board of directors as we approached an initial public offering. FWCook & Co. provided the compensation committee and board of directors with a written report that summarized its findings. In April 2012, the board of directors, utilizing the data from the non-employee director compensation report provided by FWCook & Co., unanimously adopted a compensation program for fiscal 2012 for non-employee directors in connection with this offering. This fiscal 2012 non-employee director compensation program supersedes and replaces the previous compensation agreement between LegalZoom and Ms. Decker.
The following table presents our non-employee director compensation program that will generally become effective upon consummation of this offering:
Elements:
|
Cash Retainer/Fees ($) |
Annual Stock Unit Award ($) |
Annual Option Award (shares) |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Annual retainer |
25,000 | 55,000 | 15,000 | |||||||
Newly-elected director one-time inducement equity grant |
| 18,000 | 5,000 | |||||||
Audit committee chair |
15,000 | | | |||||||
Compensation committee chair |
7,500 | | | |||||||
Nominating and governance committee chair |
5,000 | | | |||||||
Attendance at board and committee meetings: |
1,000 per meeting | | |
Continuing non-employee directors are provided an annual stock unit award and nonstatutory stock option award in addition to a cash retainer to encourage directors to have a direct and material cash investment in shares of our common stock. It is expected that we will generally issue the annual stock unit and stock option awards at or around the date of our annual stockholders meeting. The number of stock units under each stock unit award will be determined using the closing price of a share of our common stock on the date of the annual stockholders meeting. The annual stock unit award will become 100% vested, and the shares underlying such stock unit awards will be distributed, become salable and create taxable income, on the first anniversary of the grant date. The annual stock option award will have a per
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share exercise price equal to the fair market value of a share of our common stock on the date of grant and will have a ten-year term. The annual stock option award will vest at the rate of 1/12th per month on the first day of each of the 12 months following the month of the grant date, subject to continued service. In addition, the vesting of a director's stock unit and stock option awards will fully accelerate upon the occurrence of a change in control of LegalZoom. In the event of a director's separation from our board of directors, his or her outstanding stock options will remain exercisable for the lesser of three years or the remaining term of such stock option award(s). The annual stock unit and stock option awards will be pro-rated (based on months remaining until the next annual grant) for service if a director joins mid-year, which is measured from annual stockholder meeting to annual stockholder meeting.
Continuing non-employee directors are also provided an annual cash retainer (including an additional annual cash retainer if he or she is a chair of a committee as specified in the table above) that will be paid in arrears in equal installments on a quarterly basis. The per meeting attendance fee (specified in the table above) will also be paid in arrears on a quarterly basis. Each director may defer payment of all or a portion of his or her annual cash retainer, into a stock unit account, which units would be vested as of the date of grant. The election must be made in writing prior to the start of the new calendar year for subsequent elections or within 30 days of joining our board of directors for new directors. Such election may also need to be made earlier as necessary to comply with Code section 409A. The number of stock units to be credited to each director's account will be granted under the 2012 Plan, or other company equity compensation plan as determined by the board of directors, and is determined based on dividing the dollar amount of the deferred compensation by the closing price of a share of our common stock on the applicable retainer payment date. The shares underlying these stock units will be distributed at the sooner to occur of five years from the date of grant or separation from the board of directors, unless the director made an election to hold the stock units for longer than five years.
In addition to the annual stock unit and stock option awards and cash retainer referenced in the above table, a newly elected non-employee director will also receive a special one-time stock unit award valued at $18,000 and a special one-time stock option award to purchase up to 5,000 shares of our common stock, in connection with his or her commencement of service on our board of directors. The one-time stock unit award will have similar terms to those of the annual stock unit award except that it will vest in two equal annual installments on the first and second anniversaries of the grant date, subject to continued service. The one-time stock option award will have similar terms to those of the annual stock option award except that it will vest at the rate of 1/24th per month on the first day of each of the 24 months following the month of the grant date, subject to continued service. In addition, the vesting of a newly elected director's one-time stock unit and stock option awards will fully accelerate upon the occurrence of a change in control of LegalZoom.
Ms. Decker became eligible to earn an annual cash retainer under this director compensation program effective April 1, 2012. However, Messrs. Spoon and Trevisan, who are each partners with our principal investor, Polaris Venture Partners, shall not receive any annual cash retainer before the effective date of this offering and shall only commence being eligible for such annual cash retainer after this offering if they are still then providing services on our board of directors. Each of the non-employee directors who are serving on our board of directors as of the effective date of this offering shall be granted, on or around the effective date of this offering, a pro-rated annual stock unit award and stock option award with the same vesting schedule as described above. This pro-rated annual stock unit award shall be in a value equal to the product of $55,000 multiplied by the quotient of (x) the number of months during the period of time commencing from the effective date of this offering until the 2013 annual stockholder meeting, divided by (y) 12. Except for Mr. Zucker, these stock options will have a per share exercise price equal to 115% of the price at which shares will be offered to be sold to the public in this offering. The stock option granted to Mr. Zucker will have a per share exercise price equal to the price at which shares will be offered to be sold to the public in this offering. This pro-rated stock option award shall be in a number of shares equal to the product of 15,000 multiplied by the quotient of (x) the number of months during the period of time